Two oil-in-water formulations, containing equal amounts of apigenin-enriched chamomile flower extracts, for potential use as topical antiinflammatory agents, were prepared and their physicochemical properties evaluated. A pilot clinical study was then carried out to assess patient acceptability and efficacy. The creams were either non-liposomal or liposomal. The liposomal formulations were more viscous, thus producing superior release characteristics in vitro. The clinical study also showed that the liposomal creams were, as antiinflammatory agents, slightly more effective in vivo than the non-liposomal formulations. These results suggest that there is scope for the further development of even more effective and safer alternatives to corticosteroids.

A range of new functional copolymers bearing aldehyde and carboxylic acid groups have been prepared by functionalization of poly(4-methylstyrene). These polymers have molecular weights from 2,000 to 16,500 and contain up to 20% aldehyde and up to 90% carboxylic acid groups. The reaction proceeds by selective catalytic oxidations with molecular oxygen or air in acetic acid/organic cosolvent mixtures in presence of cobalt acetate and sodium bromide or hydrogen bromide. The effects of reaction temperature, catalyst, co-solvents and oxygen partial pressure on the reaction are described. 0 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Previous attempts to prepare the pentacyclic triene 17 for comparison of the rate of intramolecular dyotropy with the kinetics of similar irreversible rearrangements of norbornene ring-substituted analogues had given only dyotropomer 18 with an estimated minimum ratio k,(17)/k1(5) -2 x 1 O5 at 36 "C. In the following it is shown that the steric proximity, dcH, of transferring H atoms to receptor sp2 carbons in the reaction zone cavity together with M M-calculated n-energy differences between dyotropomers can rationalise the large rate enhancement observed for the triene 17 compared with 5 and its analogues. For a series of compounds modelled o n 5, in which dcH variations are quite small, observed differences in dyotropic rate are identified as arising from the interplay of molecular geometry changes and small changes in n-energy at the receptor alkene site occasioned by proximate polar groups, the electronic changes associated with aromatisation of the appended donor-site ring remaining essentially constant across the series. When the electronic energy changes associated with dyotropy for a pair of analogous structures are very closely similar, a rate-spread of ca. lo4 can be identified with a change in dcH of 0.1-0.17 A. Similar kinetic effects concomitant o n small parallel structural variations, virtually identical in relative-rate terms to those in the triene series, are seen in the irreversible dyotropy of a series of analogous pyrazolines modelled on compound 36 and may be likewise rationalised. Kinetic comparisons for a group of aryl-ring substituted analogues of pyrazoline 36 reveal quite modest substituent effects, consistent with reactant-like transition-states for these quantitative, exothermic rearrangements. Inter-series comparison of alicyclic trienes with pyrazolines indicate that when dcH values are essentially identical in representative examples, a rate-differential of 1 02-1 O3 between the two series can be identified principally with the differing electronic requirements for triene and (slower) pyrazoline rearrangements. Primary deuterium kinetic isotope effects (k12H/k12D, d In [k12H/k12D] /dt and especially 4,/&,) reveal strong evidence for non-classical behaviour especially for pyrazoline 38.The remarkable increase in rate for intramolecular chemical change when compared with the intermolecular mode has considerable implications for synthetic methodology and also the detailed course of enzymic ~atalysis.~ Compounds which display intramolecular hydrogen dyotropy free from side reactions at conveniently measurable rates, and which furnish crystals suitable for X-ray crystallographic and/or neutron diffraction molecular structure analysis provide suitable models for investigating the interplay of reaction-zone proximity effects and intrinsic steric and electronic energy changes which may accompany the dyotropic process. Information so obtained is also of considerable potential value for understanding the detailed stereochemical requirements for bond-forming and bond-breaking event^.^ Since th...

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