Background: UVP is a signifi cant Public Health Problem in Nepal. This problem is mainly prevalent in rural areas where the women are socio -economically less privileged and cannot afford the costs of treatment. Objective: An analysis of peri operative and post operative complications of vaginal hysterectomies for pelvic organ prolapse. Materials and methods: A hospital based prospective study was carried out in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, NGMC followed up from the time of operation to time of discharge. Results: 632 cases underwent vaginal hysterectomy with fi nancial support from UNFPA. There were no operative complications. The most common post operative complications as noted were retention of urine, pelvic infection & pelvic abscess. In two cases laparotomy was done for haemoperitoneum. Pelvic abscess was drained vaginally. Mortality was nil. Conclusion: Proper screening before operation is the key to reduce operative as well as peri operative complications.Key words: vaginal hysterectomy, pelvic organ prolapse, peri operative complications of vaginal hysterectomy

Background: Convergence insufficiency (CI) is a common ocular morbidity encountered in clinical optometry practice. It decreases the efficacy for near work. Pencil push up therapy (PPT) is frequently used for the treatment of CI. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of pencil push up exercise in convergence insufficiency patients. Methods: A hospital based interventional longitudinal prospective study was designed. All patients attending BP Koirala Lions Centre of Ophthalmic Studies (BPKLCOS), Nepal from March 1st 2008 to February 28, 2009 with symptomatic convergence insufficiency were included in this study. Near point of convergence (NPC), prism fusion vergence (PFV) and symptom score were measured with RAF ruler, prism bar and symptom questionnaire respectively before and after PPT. Results: Out of 84 patients included in the study, only 23 completed follow up check up. Among them 73% were female and 23% were male. The mean age of patients was 19.93±6.0 years and 73% of the total were students. The improvement in NPC was statistically significant after PPT (p =0.008). The average NPC at first visit was 18.58±7.46 cm while at follow up visit, it was 11±4.6 cm. The PFV and average symptom score were also improved significantly. Conclusion: PPT is beneficial for CI patients. It improves the NPC, PFV and reduces the symptom of the patients. However, the compliance of Nepalese CI patients with PPT is poor. Keywords: NPC; PFV; convergence insufficiency; pencil push up therapy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v9i3.5583   HR 2011; 9(3): 157-161

Background and Objectives: Gastro-intestinal water-borne infections are among the most emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases throughout the world. Most water-borne diseases are caused by organism ranging from microscopic viruses of less than 30 nm in diameter to parasites of 10cm in length culminate into diarrhea and cause approximately 5million reported deaths annually. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasites, Cryptosporidium parvum among school children. Material and Methods: The study was carried out between Februry to July 2012. Cases of diarrhea reported in 23 students were linked to water handling practices. A total 500 of child of age less than 15 years old was included in the study. A total five hundred soft, loose or watery stool specimens collected from student of less than fifteen years from different school in Janakpur. The sample was collected randomly from randomly selected five schools. The collected stool samples were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts. A modified Ziehl Neelsen with DMSO staining method was used for detecting Cryptosporidium oocysts in the stool samples. Results: The oocysts of Cryptosporidium were identified in 64 (6.8%) of the samples, while 242 samples (13%) showed mixed infections. Children aged between 3 and 10 years were mostly infected by this parasite, while infection was more prevalent in females than in males for all the age groups. Conclusion: The study suggests that Cryptosporidium is one of the important intestinal parasites of children as etiologic agents of diarrhea in immune-compromised population. Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2013) Vol. 1 (2): 40-45 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v1i2.9268

BACKGROUND: The quality of life in the fast ageing population in the twentieth century is of great importance. Insomnia and melatonin levels in the geriatric population greatly affect sleep quality thereby also affecting blood pressure, mood changes and immune functions in this large segment of population. AIM: To study the effect of melatonin in elderly persons with insomnia  whether it restores sleep quality and sleep duration. METHODS: Insomnia is defined as inadequate sleep. Thirty subjects participated in the study, 20 females and 10 males. The study was conducted on subjects attending the OPD at the Nepalgunj Medical College & Teaching Hospital at Kohalpur between December 2008 and March 2010. Age group of the subjects ranged from 36 years to 80 years. All subjects were administered melatonin 3 mgm tablets before going to bed for 10-20 days. All data obtained were subjective relying on patient's recall and compliance. RESULTS: In 26 patients the quality of sleep was good and they felt relaxed and cheerful. In 15 patients melatonin was combined with alprazolam 0.25 mgm. Adverse effects were reported by a few subjects (like tachycardia, headache & depression). One case reported hypothermia. CONCLUSION: Melatonin has a beneficial effect in elderly subjects with insomnia. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v1i3.8764  Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences Vol.1(3) 2013: 42-45