Despite the existence of norms of international public law regulating the conduct of war, during military conflicts, states completely ignore the established rules of war and go beyond common sense, committing crimes against humanity, organizing terrorist acts, and other illegal acts. In conditions where violations of the norms and rules of hostilities become a trend, it is important to investigate how international humanitarian law regulates armed conflicts, as well as the practice of international courts regarding the consideration of cases of crimes against humanity in the context of military conflicts of the 21st century. The purpose of the work is to study the practice of international judicial authorities in the investigation of crimes against humanity in the context of military conflicts of the 21st century. The research methodology consists of such methods as historical-legal, system analysis method, logical-semantic method, methods of documentary analysis, critical evaluation, and comparison. As a result of the conducted research, the peculiarities of consideration of cases regarding the commission of crimes against humanity in the conditions of military conflicts of the XXI century by international judicial bodies were considered. Thus, the concept of crime against humanity, and war crime were formed, signs of such crimes were identified, and proposals were formed to improve international legislation in terms of regulating international crimes and ways to increase the effectiveness of activities to prosecute those guilty of war crimes.

The source of law, the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter – the ECtHR), is playing an increasingly significant role in the practice of judicial proceedings in Ukraine. The activities of the ECtHR significantly affect the implementation of the principle of the rule of law in Ukraine in criminal proceedings. Therefore, the phenomenon of judicial precedent and the application of ECtHR practice in criminal law requires comprehensive analysis. The work aims to study the case law and practice of the ECHR in criminal law, problems of theory and practice of application of court precedents by national courts, and ways to solve them. The research methodology consists of such methods as historical and legal; comparative law; formal and logical; empirical; cognitive; method of analogy; synthesis method; method of analysis. The value of ECtHR decisions is that such decisions, more quickly than other criminal procedural means, make adjustments to the law enforcement process of public authorities, thus improving the mechanism of criminal procedural regulation to guarantee conventional and constitutional human rights. In addition, the recognition of the case law of the ECtHR as a source of law is necessary for the adaptation of national legislation of Ukraine to the legislation of the European Union. Although legal precedent is not officially recognized as a source of law in Ukraine, the decision of the ECtHR recognizing case law can be considered in Ukraine as a rule of law.

Regulation of the digital sex industry is a topic of debate at both national and international levels. While there is an increasing interest in decriminalizing sex work, digital prostitution remains illegal in many countries. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze the international experience of criminalizing and decriminalizing digital prostitution, and to pay attention to the problematic issues that arise during this process. The objective of the study is to explore the international experience of criminalizing and decriminalizing digital prostitution, while the subject of the study is the social relations that emerge during this process. The research methodology employs various methods, including philosophical, logical, special-legal, system analysis, and formal-dogmatic methods. The research concludes that different countries treat the criminalization and decriminalization of digital prostitution differently. Sex workers in this industry advocate for decriminalization as it puts power directly in their hands and eliminates legal barriers. Countries that have decriminalized digital prostitution believe that sex work is legitimate work and should be treated with respect. However, countries have different models of criminalizing prostitution, including the legalization of digital prostitution with criminal liability for deviations from established state rules.