The purpose of the conducted research is to develop indicators of the structure of the share capital of joint-stock companies and methods of their quantitative determination, as well as to explore the impact of the distribution of shares on the distribution of the management resource of the company among the owners of shares. In modern studies, much attention is paid to the issues of quite complex interaction of different groups of shareholders in the process of creating and running a relevant business. The article proves that the nature of these relationships, their effectiveness and features of corporate management of the enterprise are largely defined by the structure of shares distribution in the company. A group of indicators is proposed for characterizing the structure of shares distribution in a jointstock company: concentration, dispersion and differentiation of share capital. A methodology of their quantitative calculation has been developed. The indicator of share capital concentration shows the degree of concentration of share capital among the company’s participants, which makes it possible to accurately determine whether a particular joint-stock company belongs to a certain model of corporate governance. The indicator of share capital differentiation shows the extent to which packages of shares within a jointstock company differ in volume and, accordingly, in the management resources of their owners. The concept of collective and individual management resources in a joint-stock company has been introduced. The article reports a methodology for calculating the management resource of each package of shares, which allows to determine more accurately and quantitatively the available opportunities for managerial influence of their owners on the enterprise’s activity compared with the use of nominal indicators of the size of the share packages. It has been revealed that the deviation of the values of the shareholders’ management resources from the indicators of the relative sizes of their packages of shares occurs as a result of the differentiation of the share capital. The specified dependence is proportional – the higher the capital differentiation is, the more significantly the available management resource of shareholder deviates from the nominal value of his package of shares, and vice versa. The indicator of share capital dispersion characterizes the degree (depth) of the division of the statutory share capital into separate parts (packages of shares). It has been found that this indicator by itself does not affect the implementation of the management function, i.e. it is indifferent (insensitive) to the parameters of establishing the management control in the company.

The e-commerce growth, the increasing role of social networks in promoting the image and products of enterprises, the automation of technological processes in the enterprises, and the spread of remote work around the world lead to the digitalization of economic entities. The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of the tourism enterprise creation in an electronic way while minimizing the founding organizational actions carried out in person, in the traditional way. The study is based on a systematic analysis of all organizational actions for enterprise creation exclusively with the use of information and communication technologies based on the differentiated digitization of founding activities. All organizational actions for the establishment of an enterprise, without any exception, are divided into two categories: a) traditional, carried out in the usual way, i.e. by visiting all the necessary government agencies, holding a founding meeting, visiting banks to open a current account, etc. (offline mode); b) electronic, conducted solely remotely, i.e. with the help of information and communication technologies without attending any institutions and meetings (online mode). The comparison of the scope and content of such measures allows us to emphasize the introduction of the concept of "electronic enterprises" into scientific use by the criterion of their origin, as well as the introduction of indicators of average and marginal propensity to digitize. In the study, it was found out that the criterion of enterprise creation is followed by the next pattern of enterprise digitalization. The practical value of this article is the proposed methods for calculating the average and marginal propensity of tourism enterprises to digitize by the criterion of their creation, as well as proposed specific areas for further in-depth enterprise digitization at the stage of their formation.

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Digitalization of economic entities, digitalization of socio-economic relations and property relations inevitably lead to the formation of an information society. Under such conditions, there is a fundamental change in the processes of democratization. In particular, democratization, as well as any other sphere of public life, undergoes transformation under the influence of information and communication technologies. Thus, therewas aphenomenon of e-democracy, which is essentially a modern form of interactive interaction between public administration and society. E-democracy tools enable the public to take their own initiatives, ensure public involvement in state-building processes, allow the public to exercise current control over the actions of state bodies, etc. This study examines the role of e-democracy in the formation of modern socially oriented public administration. Special, general and integration functions of e-democracy are separated on the basis of division of labor directly in the system of public administration. Special functions of e-democracy are considered on three grounds: by processes, by subsystems andby publicadministration. The general functions of e-democracy include: public initiative, public participation in planning, encouraging the public, involving the public in decision-making, transparency of public administration, public control. There is a connection between the general and special functions of e-democracy, more precisely, the implementation of special functions takes place indirectly through general functions. The general functions of e-democracy acquire a specific meaning and turn into special due to the specificization of objects, elements and processes of public administration. Functional analysis of e-democracy allows to establish the scale of work and application of digital technologies from each function, to design the rational structure of the e-democracy system in the country at the appropriate levels: local, regional and national. Understanding the interdependence between the general and special functions of e-democracy, as well as the analysis of such interrelation, allow to improve public administration, increase the level of efficiency of the public administration system, eliminate unnecessary procedures and bureaucratic obstacles.

The digitalisation of the economic system of the EU countries is taking place in stages corresponding to certain "waves". Each wave of digitalisation represents, on the one hand, the accumulation of technological changes (for example, the spread of electronic operations, automated product management systems and the creation of electronic enterprises). And on the other hand, the transformation of industrial and socio-economic relations in society (digital socialisation and institutionalisation, the establishment of the information society). The emergence of a separate wave of digitalisation of the economy begins only as a result of the implementation of the relevant prerequisites, but in the same two planes: technological and socio-economic. At the same time, each previous wave of digitalisation creates the necessary material and socio-economic foundation for the transition to a new level of digitalisation of the economic system. The purpose of this study is to identify the relevant stages of digitalisation of the economic system in the EU based on the generalisation and systematisation of technological changes. The basis of this study is a formational and technocratic approach, based on a systematic analysis of the national economy as a complex entity, the elements of which are subject to permanent and differentiated digitisation. The analysis is based on the principle of dialectical unity of transformation of system components. Disclosure of systems analysis is due to the use of auxiliary methods, namely: graphical modelling, dynamics method, equilibrium and boundary analysis, deduction and induction, analysis and synthesis. The scientific novelty of the study is conditioned by the fact that the authors proposed a graphical model of the impact of digitalisation on the production sphere, as well as the impact of digitalisation on the distributive services with the allocation of the point of social optimum. The preconditions and characteristic features of each stage of digitalisation of the economic system in the EU countries are determined. The need to create a single information space for the integration of automated management system (AMS) into enterprise (for example, CALS) has been proved. The findings of the study can be used by: public administration bodies to determine the social optimum level of digitalisation, as well as to develop a protection policy to promote digitalisation in the economic system of the country; enterprises to select CALS-compliant business automation systems.