The digitalisation of the economic system of the EU countries is taking place in stages corresponding to certain "waves". Each wave of digitalisation represents, on the one hand, the accumulation of technological changes (for example, the spread of electronic operations, automated product management systems and the creation of electronic enterprises). And on the other hand, the transformation of industrial and socio-economic relations in society (digital socialisation and institutionalisation, the establishment of the information society). The emergence of a separate wave of digitalisation of the economy begins only as a result of the implementation of the relevant prerequisites, but in the same two planes: technological and socio-economic. At the same time, each previous wave of digitalisation creates the necessary material and socio-economic foundation for the transition to a new level of digitalisation of the economic system. The purpose of this study is to identify the relevant stages of digitalisation of the economic system in the EU based on the generalisation and systematisation of technological changes. The basis of this study is a formational and technocratic approach, based on a systematic analysis of the national economy as a complex entity, the elements of which are subject to permanent and differentiated digitisation. The analysis is based on the principle of dialectical unity of transformation of system components. Disclosure of systems analysis is due to the use of auxiliary methods, namely: graphical modelling, dynamics method, equilibrium and boundary analysis, deduction and induction, analysis and synthesis. The scientific novelty of the study is conditioned by the fact that the authors proposed a graphical model of the impact of digitalisation on the production sphere, as well as the impact of digitalisation on the distributive services with the allocation of the point of social optimum. The preconditions and characteristic features of each stage of digitalisation of the economic system in the EU countries are determined. The need to create a single information space for the integration of automated management system (AMS) into enterprise (for example, CALS) has been proved. The findings of the study can be used by: public administration bodies to determine the social optimum level of digitalisation, as well as to develop a protection policy to promote digitalisation in the economic system of the country; enterprises to select CALS-compliant business automation systems.

In their activities, state bodies and state-owned enterprises of Ukraine constantly turn to reference prices published by national and foreign news agencies, as evidenced by both regulations and data from the e-procurement system. However, the lack of definition or established practice of translation and application of terms related to this area indicates the underdevelopment or initial stage of harmonization of Ukraine's and other countries’ economic practice. We state that the issue of benchmarks regulation is relevant at the level of state economic decisions, given the specific impact of specialized news agencies on economic processes. Thus, the purpose of this study is to present ways of possible state regulation of commodity benchmarks in Ukraine. We determined that relations in the field of benchmarks in Ukraine are not provided with a legislative framework in full measure. Thus, it is characterized by discreteness, although the reference to benchmarks is carried out not only by business entities but also by government agencies. Therefore, some measures are proposed to regulate the field of benchmarks. Ukraine has a possibility to rely on the European experience, critically evaluate it and take the most important aspects of regulation, given the initial stage of development of the benchmark system in Ukraine. In particular, one of the possible actions is to establish a reference register of benchmarks. Furthermore, price reporting agencies and other benchmark-related economic actors might be recommended to bring their methodology and activities in line with IOSCO principles, as the clarity and transparency of market assessment are, among other things, a guarantee of objectively effective performance of tasks for taxation and in the public procurement.

The article analyzes the possibility of creating inclusive development institutions. The authors aim to define certain elements of the institutional environment that directly influence the process of creating inclusive development institutions in Ukraine. Attention is focused on individual social phenomena and processes that are closely related to the economy, affect the processes of modernization of the economy and society. The question of the content and nature of internal institutional transformations, the sociocultural aspect of institutional construction, which has acquired new features, is considered. The results of changes in the sphere of everyday consciousness, in the system of existing culture and values that led to deideologization and transformation of the sociopolitical dominant are reflected. It is proved that the prospects for further transformation of the post-Soviet economy and society are increasingly determined by the transformation of political institutions towards greater pluralism. Changes in the social structure of society that have increased the number of groups capable of influencing sociopolitical relations are defined. It is determined that the emergence and strengthening of interconnections of new types of value layers and subcultures based on heterarchy led to the formation of sociocultural heterogeneity of Ukrainian society and the ability to build cross-cutting channels of social mobility between the top and the basis of the social pyramid, to unite different social groups of society. The role of digitalization and informatization in the processes of sociocultural institutionalization and in the formation of inclusive political and economic development institutions is reflected. A weakening of disintegration processes in the public consciousness as a result of the unification of sociocultural signs is noted. It is determined that the sociocultural unity of society becomes the basis for social development and the formation of the collective identity of the Ukrainian nation.

Monetary policy occupies one of the key positions in macroeconomic regulation, on the effective implementation of which the stability of economic growth, the reduction of unemployment to natural levels etc. The purpose of the study is to identify the results of the practical application of the monetary theory's theoretical generalisations for the use of effective monetary policy instruments in Ukraine under conditions of socio-economic instability and weak inclusive institutions of national economy development. The study systematises the main vectors of monetary policy improvement and possibilities of its adjustment. By analysing the key aspects of the institutional framework for monetary regulation under conditions of financial instability, it is established that, in coordinating fiscal and monetary policy, the independence of the central bank should be the primary condition for the construction of an optimal macroeconomic policy. The results of the study underline: price stability should be a prerequisite for the resumption of lending and economic activity after the recession caused by the cyclical crisis exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The results obtained provide insight into the current state and prospects of developing monetary policy in Ukraine, which in turn should be oriented not towards matching the exchange rate parameters with the volume of domestic government bonds issue (DGBs), but towards ensuring strict fiscal measures aimed at overcoming the effects of the budget crisis and achieving macroeconomic balance.