In this work, we analyzed and studied the Ukrainian typical hydrotechnical structures of the ameliorative complex on soil materials. On the examples of such objects in Dnipropetrovsk oblast, we carried out research and determined the technical condition of the transporting (main irrigation canals) and regulating (retention ponds) hydrotechnical structures (HTS). The main factors and the reasons for the negative engineering-geological processes occurring in those structures and affecting the ecological balance of adjacent territories were determined. The study revealed that the long period of exploitation and absence of corresponding technical care have led to significant losses of irrigation water from the canals and retention ponds. Due to the systemic absence and low use of monitoring researchers, we have proposed the use of prompt and low-cost methods and means of technical diagnostics. The article presents the possibility of using a complex of geophysical methods of natural impulse magnetic field of the Earth and vertical electrical sounding for the purposes of technical diagnostics. The possibility of recording plots and parameters of zones of seepage deformations in the body and at the base of the structures was visually determined and instrumentally proven. This allows identifying the amounts of technical and material resources, stages and order of implementation of repair-restoration works. It was determined that share of the damaged zones accounts for 20 to 35% of the total length of the hydrotechnical structures dependingon their type and parameters of the constructions. In such conditions, the estimated losses of water equal 17-22% of the total amount of the delivery. The surveys showed that further operation of HC poses an ecological threat because of significant worsening of quality of water resources. The article presents disturbing dynamics of change in the irrigated areas involving the danger of secondary salinization, sodification, alkalinization, and toxification as a result of watering. We indicated threatening changes in the structures of the areas irrigated with low-quality water, which, according to various indicators of danger, increased by 1.4 times regarding threat of secondary salinization and by 2 times regarding threat of sodification. We proposed and substantiated approaches to improving the general technical and technological level of functioning of ameliorative structures in the context of maintaining ecological balance and economic practicability of their further use, based on the principles of systemic optimization of complex technical-natural ecosystems.

No abstract

Topicality. Preservation and increasing of soil fertility is the essential problem for the agricultural melioration. It was solved in the most intensive way during the period of 1960s-1980s within the framework of “Large-scale program of the melioration development”. Poor technical condition of the internal economic network of Dnipropetrovsk Region is peculiar for more than 136 thous. ha being 68.6 % of the irrigation land area. That results in considerable filtration losses, which stipulates both increased prime cost of the irrigation water and deterioration of environmental and melioration conditions of the neighbouring territories. For a long time, reconstruction of the irrigation system has not been financed properly. Implementation of the measures aimed at restoration and development of irrigation is one of the priorities of the Agreement on the Association between Ukraine and the European Union. Nowadays, much attention is paid to diagnostics of technical state of hydroengineering structures (HES) in melioration systems of CC1 structure category (especially, to the retention basins of irrigation systems) involving non-destructive instrumental methods. According to the recommendations of normative documents, it is proposed to determine the zones of increased filtration within the earth dam body, protective dams, and reservoir beds using a system of geophysical methods including the following ones: vertical electric sounding (VES), microelectric sounding (MES), electric profiling (EP), and method of natural electric fields (NEF). Unfortunately, the mentioned methods are often rather cost- and labour-consuming ones. That emphasizes the topicality of developing and implementing the innovative methods for complex evaluation of technical condition and detection of hidden filtration zones within the bodies of earth HESs. That will help localize and maintain timely the identified site making it possible to prolong operation period of the object and prevent rise of ground water level within the neighbouring territories. Objective of the paper is experimental substantiation of the efficiency of using labour- and time-saving geophysical NPEMFE method to detect filtration and watering zones, being undetected visually, within the hydroengineering structures of melioration systems to improve their operational qualities, reduce their maintenance cost, and prevent deterioration of environmental and melioration conditions of the neighbouring territories. Research methodology. The following conventional methods were applied during the scientific and engineering survey activities: field – geophysical research methods NPEMFE and VES to determine filtration zones, which were not detected visually; experimental – involving odometer of standard modification to detect electromagnetic radiation during the loading of loose argillaceous soil samples; laboratory - standard techniques to specify physical and mechanical properties of soils before and after their compressive studies; computational-analytic – to determine dimensions of filtration water losses from the basin. Golden Software Surfer 8 and AutoCad 10 programme complexes were applied to process the obtained results. Scientific novelty of the research results. For the first time, it has been proved experimentally that electromagnetic radiation increases when loaded with loose argillaceous samples and decreases when the samples are moist. That makes it possible to apply the NPEMFE method to identify visually non-detected filtration zones within the body of hydroengineering structures of melioration systems. Practical value of the research: possibility to use time- and labour-saving NPEMFE method to identify visually non-detected zones of filtration and watering within the body of hydroengineering structures in melioration systems of CC1 structure category has been substantiated experimentally.

Yield growth in the Southern Steppe is impossible without irrigation with the introduction of mineral and organic fertilizers, so the repair, restoration, and construction of new irrigation networks are one of the main tasks of regional and district water management. For the repair of water management networks, regulation of pools of irrigation systems it is necessary to use inexpensive effective methods of the establishment of their technical condition. Such methods are geophysical, which allow to identify the areas of filtration, flooding, violations of protective screens in the control pools of irrigation systems. The necessity of localization of areas of filtration water losses to concentrate repair and restoration works in the most disturbed zones is scientifically substantiated, which will significantly reduce the cost of time and money and increase the overall efficiency of the structure.

Хімія. Хімічні технології. Біотехнології 135 3. Для вирішення поставленої проблеми розроблено удосконалену схему очищення стічних вод, котра включає в себе застосування біофлокулянту та біосорбенту в умовах аерації, яку можливо впровадити в діючі споруди. 4. Доведено ефективність біоакумулюючої дії інактивованого мулу по відношенню до важких металів, таких як залізо, кадмій, марганець, мідь, кобальт та цинк.