The study aims to clarify some actual contents that we think should be noted in the study of Dewey’s educational philosophy. The study begins with Dewey’s criticism of traditional education, which served as the basis for his progressive educational views. The article then analyzes the learner-centric educational process and teacher’s qualities from a progressive viewpoint. Progressive education’s ultimate aim is to achieve democracy in education. That, in our opinion, is the prominent reason that the influence of Dewey’s educational philosophy continues to have a bearing on the education systems of the United States, many European countries, and Asia. The article concludes with John Dewey’s contributions to educational development to demonstrate that his progressive educational views still have directional value and provide meaningful guidance for educational innovation in many countries.

The relationship between the state and the people has been of the utmost concern to the ruling class ever since society appeared between the class and the state. This study focuses on Aristotle and Han Fei Zi’s ideological analyses of the relationship between the state and the people. The author aims to emphasize that the state and the people are the two fundamental forces of political life. The relationship between them is a constant and intimate relationship that creates the appearance and stability of a political regime. The study contributes to the literature by pointing out the similarities and differences between the thoughts of two law rulers typical of the West and the East. The study results show that, due to the differences between Western and Eastern cultures, historical and social conditions, and cognitive ability, the thoughts of Aristotle and Han Fei on this issue have similarities and differences.

When studying the entire history of philosophy, K. Marx wrote: "All genuine philosophy is the spiritual quintessence of its time"(Marx & Engels, 2002). It is understood that the birth of philosophy was conditioned by contemporary socio-historical conditions and other theories and ideas that contribute to the spiritual appearance of that era. Not outside the above rule, the process of arising and developing Greek philosophy in general and of Aristotle's political thought, in particular, is a reflection and is maintained by historical, economic, and political conditions - Ancient Greek society. F. Engels wrote: "Without slavery, there would be no Greek state, no Greek art, and science" (Marx & Engels, 2002). Therefore, the study of Aristotle's political thought must be placed in the historical conditions of its formation. Within the scope of the article, the author focuses on analyzing historical conditions for the forming of Aristotle's political thought in terms of natural, economic - social, and cultural-political conditions.

The State is a necessary institution to maintain human existence. Besides, carrying out a research on the State always makes it tend to serve human life so that life is fairer, equal, and more charitable, which is a matter of great urgency. In Vietnam, the nature of the State is a state of the people, by the people, for the people as stipulated in the constitution. Therefore, the Vietnamese State needs to undertake the task of primarily serving the people. This requires the State to be accountable for the people for all the issues under its management. The article's new point provides a basis to prove that the socialist rule of law state is a responsible state through the analysis of the specificity, inevitability, and contents of the State's responsibility. It is also the application of state ideology to always aim for a good life and serve the common interests of Aristotle.