Background: Menstrual disorders are common indication for medical visits among women of reproductive age and heavy menstrual bleeding affects up to 30% of women throughout their reproductive lifetime. This study aims at evaluating the different causes and, the clinical presentation of AUB and to compare the role of hysteroscopy, ultrasonography and histopathology in patients with AUB.Methods: 100 women above 45 years of age, presenting with abnormal bleeding per vaginum were evaluated. All patients underwent transvaginal scan to note down the endometrial thickness and to rule out uterine and adnexal pathology. All the patients underwent diagnostic hysteroscopy, followed by a biopsy of the endometrium using a curette. The endometrium was sent to the pathologist. Findings of these diagnostic modalities then correlated.Results: Incidence of AUB was present between the age groups of 45-49 years of age (66%). The commonest presenting complaint in this series was menorrhagia or heavy menstrual bleeding (60%). The finding of thickened endometrium as the most common abnormality on USG (44%) and also on hysteroscopy (45%). As per present study the sensitivity of hysteroscopy is 97.78% and specificity was 34.55%, the negative predictive value of the test is 95%.Conclusions: TVS may be the first line of investigation while evaluating the endometrium in a perimenopausal AUB. It helps to triage the patients into high risk or low risk. Endometrial thickness >4mm as per the present study needs further evaluation. Patients with endometrial thickness less than 4 mm can be reassured. Hysteroscopy is the gold standard in the diagnosis of focal pathology like sub mucous fibroid, polyps or anomalies. Histopathology probably is an indispensable tool specially to rule out premalignant and malignant conditions. Thus, all the modalities instead of being competitive to one another, are complimentary to each other. For complete evaluation of patient with AUB all the three modalities should be used together to come at exact diagnosis.

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Indeed, it has been reported that in these cases there is an increased chance of conversion to laparotomy whereas the morbidity and hospital stay were similar between lean and obese patients. 2 Total laparoscopic hysterectomy is the removal of uterus and cervix through four small abdominal incisions. Removal of ovaries and tubes depends on the patient. Number of provider barriers had been identified, ABSTRACT Background: The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate the feasibility of laparoscopic surgery for hysterectomy and elaborate our experience. Methods: Between September 2017 and April 2018, 15 patients who were counselled for and opted for total laparoscopic hysterectomy our hospital enrolled in this study. Surgeons used a four-port system with, one 10mm and three 5-mm trocars. All surgical procedures were performed with 30°, 10-mm laparoscope and conventional laparoscopic instruments including monopolar and bipolar cautery system and the LigaSure system. Patient's history, clinical findings and surgical outcomes were prospectively tabulated, evaluated and analyzed. Results: Out of 15 patients under the study with age range of 40-55years, only 2 patients had hypertension and diabetes mellitus and 2 had anaemia. All 15 patients underwent conventional laparoscopic surgery. Operative time was in a range of 6O-240 min. There were no intra operative complications in 6 patients (40%) and no post op complications in 11 women (73%). Conclusions:The results from our 15 women show that, in experienced hands, laparoscopic hysterectomy is not associated with any increase in major complication rates.

The first case of primary ovarian ectopic pregnancy was reported by St. Maurice in 1689. Primary ovarian ectopic pregnancy is rare entity, with incidence of around 3% of all ectopic pregnancies. The aim of present case report is to study the role of different modalities like clinical findings, biochemistry, sonography, surgery and histopathology in diagnosis of primary ovarian ectopic pregnancy. Authors present a case of a 24 years old female with history of 2 months amenorrhoea, per vaginal spotting and mild intermittent abdominal pain in RIF. Examination was unremarkable and serum βHCG was 2007.5IU/ml. An ultrasound scan showed an ectopic mass in the right adnexa suggestive of a tubal ectopic pregnancy and she underwent surgical management at our institute.  At laparoscopy, both fallopian tubes were noted to be normal with an ectopic mass attached to the right ovary with a pedicle. With these unusual laparoscopic findings, possibilities of tubal miscarriage, ovarian pregnancy, or abdominal pregnancy were suspected. Ectopic mass was coagulated and cut through the pedicle with bipolar cautery and specimen was sent for HPE. Our patient made an uneventful recovery and no further medical management was indicated. The diagnosis of right ovarian ectopic pregnancy was finally confirmed by histopathological evidence of the presence of chorionic villi in a background of ovarian stromal tissue, in consideration with Spigelberg’s criteria. Present case highlights the importance of considering non-tubal ectopic pregnancies when making a diagnosis based on ultrasound scan. Pre-operative diagnosis of ovarian ectopic pregnancy still remains a challenge in spite of current medical advances. Despite the benefits and reliability of ultrasound scanning, there will still be situations where the definitive diagnosis can only be made at surgery. However, histopathological examination is confirmatory and always mandatory.