Livestock is a major driver in most rural landscapes and economics, but it also polarises debate over its environmental impacts, animal welfare and human health. Conversely, the various services that livestock farming systems provide to society are often overlooked and have rarely been quantified. The aim of analysing bundles of services is to chart the coexistence and interactions between the various services and impacts provided by livestock farming, and to identify sets of ecosystem services (ES) that appear together repeatedly across sites and through time. We review three types of approaches that analyse associations among impacts and services from local to global scales: (i) detecting ES associations at system or landscape scale, (ii) identifying and mapping bundles of ES and impacts and (iii) exploring potential drivers using prospective scenarios. At a local scale, farming practices interact with landscape heterogeneity in a multi-scale process to shape grassland biodiversity and ES. Production and various ES provided by grasslands to farmers, such as soil fertility, biological regulations and erosion control, benefit to some extent from the functional diversity of grassland species, and length of pasture phase in the crop rotation. Mapping ES from the landscape up to the EU-wide scale reveals a frequent trade-off between livestock production on one side and regulating and cultural services on the other. Maps allow the identification of target areas with higher ecological value or greater sensitivity to risks. Using two key factors (livestock density and the proportion of permanent grassland within utilised agricultural area), we identified six types of European livestock production areas characterised by contrasted bundles of services and impacts. Livestock management also appeared to be a key driver of bundles of services in prospective scenarios. These scenarios simulate a breakaway from current production, legislation (e.g. the use of food waste to fatten pigs) and consumption trends (e.g. halving animal protein consumption across Europe). Overall, strategies that combine a reduction of inputs, of the use of crops from arable land to feed livestock, of food waste and of meat consumption deliver a more sustainable food future. Livestock as part of this sustainable future requires further enhancement, quantification and communication of the services provided by livestock farming to society, which calls for the following: (i) a better targeting of public support, (ii) more precise quantification of bundles of services and (iii) better information to consumers and assessment of their willingness to pay for these services.
Les zones herbagères de moyenne et de haute montagne fournissent un bouquet de services équilibré qui comprend des services d’approvisionnement (produits de qualité et disposant d’une bonne image auprès des consommateurs), des services environnementaux et de vitalité territoriale. Afin d’expliciter les déterminants de cette diversité, quatre études de cas ont été retenues à des échelles géographiques différentes : AOP Cantal et Laguiole dans le Massif central, région de Franche-Comté, alpages suisses. Une même grille d’analyse a été appliquée à chacune de ces études de cas. Le contexte qui conduit à la situation actuelle est présenté dans une perspective historique, avant que soient analysés leurs principaux services d’approvisionnement, environnementaux et de vitalité territoriale. Chaque étude de cas est synthétisée par une formalisation inspirée d’une analyse en termes de système socio-écologique. Nous discutons par la suite des leviers permettant de mieux concilier les performances productives, environnementales et sociales de l’élevage dans ces territoires. Un levier biotechnique majeur est la recherche d’autonomie fourragère qui permet de réduire les coûts de production tout en bénéficiant à la qualité nutritionnelle des laits et des fromages. Il existe par ailleurs des liens forts entre la nature de la gouvernance des filières et le bouquet de services fournis. Une gouvernance territoriale de filières crée de la valeur en valorisant les ressources locales, et en régulant le système de production par des organisations dédiées ; elle bénéficie conjointement aux services de vitalité territoriale et de qualité de l’environnement. A l’inverse, une gouvernance sectorielle apparait moins favorable. Le développement de formes hybrides de gouvernance (par exemple alimentaire territoriale) constitue l’un des leviers importants.
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