This paper reports on the results of an analysis of existing ontological systems to determine which is most appropriate for the manufacturing domain. In particular, this involved the exploration of efforts that are studying both the uses of ontologies in the general sense and those that are using ontologies for domain-specific purposes. Eleven ontological systems were analyzed and, using a set of analysis criteria, it was determined that the Cyc (Cyc is a registered trademark of Cycorp Inc.) system was most appropriate for modeling concepts in the manufacturing domain. After the analysis is described, examples are given to show how manufacturing concepts could be modeled in the Cyc system. This work is part of a larger project whose objective is to move closer to the ultimate goal of seamless manufacturing systems integration using the principle behind ontological engineering to unambiguously define domain-specific concepts. The output of this work will be a taxonomy of manufacturing terms and concepts along with formal definitions of exactly what each of those terms and concepts mean and how they interrelate.

Smart manufacturing combines advanced manufacturing capabilities and digital technologies throughout the product lifecycle. These technologies can provide decision-making support to manufacturers through improved monitoring, analysis, modeling, and simulation that generate more and better intelligence about manufacturing systems. However, challenges and barriers have impeded the adoption of smart manufacturing technologies. To begin to address this need, this paper defines requirements for data-driven decision making in manufacturing based on a generalized description of decision making. Using these requirements, we then focus on identifying key barriers that prevent the development and use of data-driven decision making in industry as well as examples of technologies and standards that have the potential to overcome these barriers. The goal of this research is to promote a common understanding among the manufacturing community that can enable standardization efforts and innovation needed to continue adoption and use of smart manufacturing technologies.

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While developing software systems, and during the enterprise's subsequent evolution, developers define models. These models can help automate some systems integration tasks. The joint action model describes a new business transaction that motivates systems integration.