Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common brain developmental disorder in the general population that may be even more prevalent in elite athletes in certain sports. General population studies of ADHD are extensive and have reported on prevalence, symptoms, therapeutic and adverse effects of treatment and new clinical and research findings. However, few studies have reported on prevalence, symptoms and treatments of ADHD in elite athletes. This narrative review summarises the literature on symptoms, comorbidities, effects of ADHD on performance and management options for elite athletes with ADHD. The prevalence of ADHD in student athletes and elite athletes may be 7%–8%. The symptoms and characteristics of ADHD play a role in athletes’ choice of a sport career and further achieving elite status. Proper management of ADHD in elite athletes is important for safety and performance, and options include pharmacologic and psychosocial treatments.

The government of Afghanistan, with international partners and donors, has achieved substantial public health improvements during the past 8 years. But a critical gap remains: capacities to detect and respond to disease outbreaks that could constitute a public health emergency of international concern, as required by the International Health Regulations (IHR). The Afghan Ministry of Public Health seeks to build these capacities, but conflict and scarcity of resources hinder public health surveillance and response, diagnostic laboratory and clinical management capacity is limited, and massive international population movements could permit outbreaks to cross international borders. Several diseases covered by the IHR, such as polio, are endemic in Afghanistan, and risk of novel disease emergence may be elevated in some areas. The security forces of the United States and other countries with military presence in Afghanistan are potential partners for the government of Afghanistan in strengthening the public health capacity. They could extend specialized disease surveillance and response capabilities to the Afghan military and civilian sectors and could integrate surveillance and response capacity building into ongoing development programs, especially in insecure areas. The World Health Organization could provide the forum for coordinating military and civilian contributions to public health capacity strengthening in Afghanistan and could help ensure that international health sector development efforts address Afghan public health priorities in addition to IHR requirements.

Report Documentation PageForm Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. Executive SummaryThe U.S. government continues to improve its plans for protecting civilians and soldiers from attacks with biological weapons. Part of this effort focuses on developing strategies that recognize the difficult choices to be made in using and deploying resources. This paper presents a risk-and decision-based framework-derived from the field of Bayesian statistics-for developing strategies that facilitate managing the risks of biological agents. The framework recognizes the significantly different attributes of potential biological weapons and offers a strategy for improving communication to effectively coordinate national biopreparedness efforts.The framework identifies generic decisions related to routine immunization, response planning, stockpiling vaccines and therapeutic agents, surveillance choices, containment, emergency response training, research, media and communications preparations, information management, and policy development. This paper provides a straw man to be used in wargames, exercises, practices, etc., at all levels of government. 203% from the week ending 14 September through the week ending 12 October, according to NDCHealth, a drug research company. Nationally during the same period of time, the number of Cipro pills dispensed has increased 41%, according to the company. Mr Weinstein said: 'Cipro seems to be the one that's got the most press, and people seem to think that it is the only one they think will work against anthrax.'" 5 British Broadcasting Company, "America's anthrax patent dilemma," October 23, 2001. Available at .Human Services, 6 but it also displaced other investments and contributed to deficit spending. The existence of weaponized anthrax with demonstrated lethality and failure to apprehend the perpetrator(s) of the anthrax letters create a demand for the U.S.government to develop a strategic plan to manage risks from anthrax and to manage resource investments at this level. Part of the challenge arises from the fact that managing the risks requires making several critical decisions related to vaccination (whom to vaccinate, which vaccine to administer), surveillance,...

The U.S. Air Force Academy (USAFA) is one of the nation's military universities, with the mission to educate and motivate cadets to be career Air Force officers. This diverse population arrives at the USAFA with varying immunization records and disease histories. Analyses of costs and benefits regarding immunization strategies rely on accurate data and assumptions used in their calculation. Health history questionnaires are a low-cost way of evaluating immunization and disease history. However, this requires a good estimate of the questionnaire's positive predictive value, which may vary among populations. This study attempts to provide a more accurate estimate of the positive predictive value of health history questionnaires regarding varicella and rubella disease and vaccination strategies for the population of fourth degree (freshman) cadets at the USAFA. We found positive predictive values of 99% for rubella and 86% for varicella. These data emphasize the importance of analyzing the specific population for which a program is intended rather than broadly applying recommendations that were developed in other populations.

A novel series of 1-sulfonyl-4-acylpiperazines as selective cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) inverse agonists was discovered through high throughput screening (HTS) and medicinal chemistry lead optimization. Potency and in vivo properties were systematically optimized to afford orally bioavailable, highly efficacious, and selective CB1R inverse agonists that caused food intake suppression and body weight reduction in diet-induced obese rats and dogs. It was found that the receptor binding assay predicted in vivo efficacy better than functional antagonist/inverse agonist activities. This observation expedited the structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis and may have implications beyond the series of compounds presented herein.