Increasing carrier injection efficiency is an important way to improve the performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this work, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were formed on indium tin oxide (ITO) anodes with different aromatic carboxylic acids. The relationship between the molecular structure and its effect on modification was investigated. The presence of monolayers was verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Water contact angle tests show that the surface energy of ITO has decreased after SAM modification which is beneficial to obtain a flat film of organic functional materials on ITO. In addition, the data of ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy reveal that the work function of SAM-ITO with different molecules modified has increased to varying degrees. Therefore, a no-hole injection layer (HIL) device whose structure is ITO/SAMs/α-naphthyphenylbiphenyldiamine (NPB) (25 nm)/tris(8-hydroxyquindino) aluminum (III) (Alq3) (60 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (100 nm) was designed to explore the impact of SAMs on OLEDs. OLED performance shows SAMs of 9H-carbazole-2-carboxylic acid (CzCA) facilitating the device to obtain superior luminescence performance, with a turn-on voltage of 2.6 V and a maximum luminance of 30 418 cd·m−2. In order to study the mechanism, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and other information of SAM molecules were calculated by Gaussian 09. According to the result, the HOMO of CzCA appears as a special “through-band,” which is beneficial to the hole transport. It is considered that when the HOMO of the SAM molecule is in a shape favorable for hole transport, hole injection will be facilitated and the performance of the OLEDs will be improved greatly.

The present article overcomes existing challenges ahead of inter-laminar toughening of novel multifunctional fibre-reinforced polymer composites via development and embedment of highly stretched, ultra-thin electrospun thermoplastic nanofibers made of polyamide 6.6. The nanofibers have exhibited significant enhancement of the composite laminate's structural integrity with almost zero weight penalty via ensuring a smooth stress transfer throughout the plies and serving tailoring mechanical properties in desired directions, with no interference with geometric features e.g. thickness. The findings for 1.5 grams per square meter (gsm) electrospun nanofibers have demonstrated, on test coupons specimens, improvements up to 85% and 43% in peak load and crack opening displacement, respectively, with significant improvement (> 25%) and no sacrifice of fracture toughness at both initiation and propagation phases. The initial stiffness for the modified specimens was improved by nearly 150%. The enhancement is mainly due to nano-fibres contributing to the stiffness of the resin rich area at the crack tip adjacent to the Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film. Glass fibre-reinforced woven phenolic preimpregnated composite plies have been modified with the nano-fibres (each layer having an average thickness of <1 micron) at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 4.0 gsm, electrospun at room temperature on each ply, and manufactured via autoclave vacuum bagging process. Inter-laminar fracture toughness specimens were manufactured for Mode I (double cantilever beam, DCB) fracture tests. It was found that there is threshold for electrospun nanofibers density, at which an optimum performance is reached in modified composite Manuscript File

In this paper, the tracking type floating PV energy generation system is studied and developed to improve the generation efficiency. First of all, to find suitable material for members of floating type PV energy generation system, suitability analysis for several materials such as a steel, aluminum, polyethylene (PE), and fiber reinforced polymer plastic (FRP) is conducted. Then the design for tracking type floating PV energy generation system is also conducted. The tracking type floating PV energy generation system is designed, fabricated, and installed at Hapcheon dam, Korea. Finally, to estimate the energy generation efficiency of tracking type floating PV energy generation system, comparison with land fixed type PV energy generation system is performed. As a result of the comparison, it is confirmed that if the period of operating PV energy generation system is longer, the economic efficiency of tracking type will be higher than that of land fixed type.

For further study on effective seismic design requirements of masonry structure, two masonry buildings were designed and constructed according to common structure style in towns and villages. Two full-scale buidings were subjected to earthquake using pseudo-dynamic test and quasi-static test. This paper presents crack propagation of masonry structure, hysteretic behavior, deformation and stiffness degradation under horizontal seismic action. In this experiment, deformability and ultimate bearing capacity of confined masonry (CM) with tie-column and ring-beam is higher than common brick structure (BM). Confined masonry (CM) wall maintain integrity due to constraint of tie-column and ring-beam. These tests verify that tie-column and ring-beam system is an effective seismic requirement to enhance seismic performance of masonry structure.