This is the first report on the PBS film degraded by any Bionectria ochroleuca fungal strain. The fungal strain BFM-X1 was isolated from an air environment on a vegetable field and was capable of degrading poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). The taxonomic identity of the strain BFM-X1 was confirmed to be Bionectria ochroleuca (showing a 99% similarity to B. ochroleuca in a BLAST search) through an ITS rRNA analysis. The bio-degradation of the PBS film by strain BFM-X1 was studied. Approximately 97.9% of the PBS film was degraded after strain BFM-X1 was inoculated at 28˚C for 14 days. The degradation efficiency of BFM-X1 against PBS film under different soil environmental conditions was characterized. The results indicated that 62.78% of the PBS film loss was recorded in a 30-d experimental run in a sterile soil environment indoors. On adding strain BFM-X1 to a soil sample, the PBS degradation rate accelerated approximately fivefold. Furthermore, both temperature and humidity influenced the in situ degradation of the PBS by strain BFM-X1, and temperature may be the major regulating factor. The degradation was particularly effective in the warm season, with 90% of weight loss occurring in July and August. Scanning electron microscope observations showed surface changes to the film during the degradation process, which suggested that strain BFM-X1preferentially degraded an amorphous part of the film from the surface. These results suggested that the strain B. ochroleuca BFM-X1 was a new resource for degrading PBS film and has high potential in the bioremediation of PBS-plastic-contaminated soil environment

Tooth extraction will cause a wound in the form of alveolar bone that opens in the oral cavity. Mangosteen peel has various pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial. The goal of this study was to find out the effectiveness of Mangosteen Peel Ethanol Extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) 45% with 90% in speeding up the healing time of post-tooth extraction wounds in Wistar rats. This type of research is an experimental laboratory with a post-test pattern only control group design. Conducted at the Laboratory of Pharmacology & Laboratory of Traditional Medicine Faculty of Pharmacy, University of North Sumatra January-March 2021. The animal is a male Wistar rat of 32 who is physically healthy. The size of the sample is determined by Federer's formula, the minimum sample size for each treatment is 16 rats. The results of the study that there is a significant relationship between the amount of fibroblast tissue per field of view in Wistar Rats after tooth extraction with the administration of mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) with a concentration of 45% and mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) concentration 90%, p = 0.036 (p<0.05). Mangosteen skin extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) is 45% and 90% effective in speeding up wound healing time after extraction of rat teeth Wistar. Mangosteen skin extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) is 90% more effective than turmeric extract (Curcuma longa) 45% in speeding up wound healing time post-extraction of rat teeth Wistar due to the flavonoid content in mangosteen skin extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) 90% which helps accelerate wound healing higher than skin extract Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) 45%.

Estrogens such as estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3) which are excreted by humans and animals or synthetic compounds such as 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) are a group of biologically active compounds that are synthesized from cholesterol and have a steroid ring in common. Steroid estrogens harm to organisms at very low concentrations with much more endocrine function than other EDCs. Obviously, it is an important issue to explore their degradation mechanisms and effective methods. In the present studies, 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) were used as target compounds, and the photodegradation of them were investigated in aqueous solution using natural sunlight produced using a xenon lamp, or ultraviolet light via a Hg lamp.