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Seasonal survey was performed from August 2015 to May 2016 at 50 sampling sites in Lake Taihu to determine the spatial and temporal changes in macrobenthos community and their relationships with environmental variables. A total of 58 macrobenthos species were collected and identified, including 28 species of annelids, 17 species of molluscs, and 12 species of arthropods. Both the community composition and the dominant species changed temporally and spatially. Correspondingly, the macrobenthos biodiversity differed among regions and seasons. The macrobenthos density decreased with increased sediment depth, which is the first report about the vertical distribution of macrobenthos in Lake Taihu. The majority of benthic animals were located within the sediment depth of 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm, accounting for 39.25% and 24.87% of the total abundance respectively. Redundancy discriminate analysis revealed that the main environmental factors affecting the most contributing macrobenthos species were temperature in summer, transparency, dissolved oxygen and pH in autumn, and water depth and dissolved oxygen in winter. Particularly, salinity and conductivity showed high correlation with the macrobenthos community through the whole sampling period. The investigation reveals the inherent spatiotemporal variation of macrobenthos community, and provides references for the biological assessment of water quality in Lake Taihu.

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Abstract. This paper proposes a variation of synchronous grammar based on the formalism of context-free grammar by generalizing the first component of productions that models the source text, named Constraint-based Synchronous Grammar (CSG). Unlike other synchronous grammars, CSG allows multiple target productions to be associated to a single source production rule, which can be used to guide a parser to infer different possible translational equivalences for a recognized input string according to the feature constraints of symbols in the pattern. Furthermore, CSG is augmented with independent rewriting that allows expressing discontinuous constituents in the inference rules. It turns out that such grammar is more expressive to model the translational equivalences of parallel texts for machine translation, and in this paper, we propose the use of CSG as a basis for building a machine translation (MT) system for Portuguese to Chinese translation.