Soil penetration resistance (SPR) is one of the major indicators of soil physical properties. Crop residue managements, tillage practices and their interactions exert significant effects on the SPR. However, rare information is available in the sloping farmland of Mollisols. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the variations of the SPR as affected by crop residue managements and tillage practices on the sloping land in Northeast China from 2015 to 2019. The split-plot experiment was arranged with two crop residue managements (removed, REM and retained, RET), and three tillage practices (no tillage, NT; rotary tillage, RT; plow tillage, PT). SPR data in 0-80 cm soil depth was measured at the end of harvest of maize monoculture. Results showed that the two crop residue managements induced significant variations in the SPR at 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and 0-80 cm soil depths under NT, RT, and PT treatments, respectively. In comparison with RET treatment, the average values of the SPR under REM treatment were 10.9% and 8.9% higher in 45-60 cm and 60-80 cm soil depths, respectively. The average values of the SPR under PT treatment were 12.4% and 14.1% lower in 0-15 cm soil depth, and 23.9% and 10.4% lower in 15-30 cm soil depth than those under NT and RT treatments. However, the average value of the SPR under PT treatment was 11.2% and 22.0% higher in 60-80 cm soil depth than those under NT and RT treatments, respectively. The SPR generally decreased with the slope position declined in the deeper soil depth (except for the NT+RET treatment). The findings from this research can provide a scientific reference for the establishment of rational cultivation and the sustainable development of productivity on the sloping land of Mollisols in cold regions.

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that rely on force field methods has been widely used to explore the structure and function of RNAs. However, the current commonly used force fields are limited by the electrostatic description offered by atomic charge, dipole and at most quadrupole moments, failing to capture the anisotropic picture of electronic features. Actually, the distribution of electrons around atomic nuclei is not spherically symmetric but is geometry dependent. A multipolar electrostatic model based on high rank multipole moments is described in this work, which allows us to combine polarizability and anisotropy of electron density. RNA secondary structure was taken as a research system, and its substructures including stem, loops (hairpin loop, bulge loop, internal loop, and multi‐branch loop), and pseudoknots (H‐type and K‐type) were investigated, respectively, as well as the hairpin. First, the atom–atom electrostatic properties derived from one chain of a duplex RNA 2MVY in our previous work (Ref. 58) were measured by the pilot RNA systems of hairpin, hairpin loop, stem, and H‐type pseudoknot, respectively. The prediction results were not satisfactory. Consequently, to obtain a general set of electrostatic parameters for RNA force fields, the convergence behavior of the atom–atom electrostatic interactions in the pilot RNA systems was explored using high rank atomic multipole moments. The pilot RNA systems were cut into four types of different‐sized molecular fragments, and the single nucleotide fragment and nucleotide‐paired fragment proved to be the most reasonable systems for base‐unpairing regions and base‐pairing regions to investigate the convergence behavior of all types of atom–atom electrostatic interactions, respectively. Transferability of the electrostatic properties drawn from the pilot RNA systems to the corresponding test systems was also investigated. Furthermore, the convergence behavior of atomic electrostatic interactions in other substructures including bulge loop, internal loop, multi‐branch loop, and K‐type pseudoknot was expected to be modeled via the hairpin.

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Molecular force field simulation is an effective method to explore the properties of DNA molecules in depth. Almost all current popular force fields calculate atom−atom electrostatic interaction energies for DNAs based on the atomic charge and dipole or quadrupole moments, without considering high-rank atomic multipole moments for more accurate electrostatics. Actually, the distribution of electrons around atomic nuclei is not spherically symmetric but is geometry dependent. In this work, a multipole expansion method that allows us to combine polarizability and anisotropy was applied. One single-stranded DNA and one double-stranded DNA were selected as pilot systems. Deoxynucleotides were cut out from pilot systems and capped by mimicking the original DNA environment. Atomic multipole moments were integrated instead of fixed-point charges to calculate atom−atom electrostatic energies to improve the accuracy of force fields for DNA simulations. Also, the applicability of modeling the behavior of both single-stranded and doublestranded DNAs was investigated. The calculation results indicated that the models can be transferred from pilot systems to test systems, which is of great significance for the development of future DNA force fields.