In recent decades, floods have accounted for billions of dollars in economic damage and hundreds of lives lost annually in the U.S. (Downton et al., 2005). Therefore, it is of both scientific and public interest to understand how and why flood frequency, magnitude, and timing have changed in recent decades. Where flood changes have occurred, the causes may be either anthropogenic or natural (Berghuijs et al., 2014). For example, Blum et al. (2020) found that annual maximum flood magnitudes increased by 3.3%, on average, for each percentage point increase in impervious cover. Furthermore, climate change is increasing the intensity and variability of rainfall extremes globally (

Summer (July-September) streamflow is a critical water resource for aquatic ecosystems, agriculture, industry, and municipal water supply in the Western U.S. (WUS). Although July-September streamflow for most WUS river basins is not a major part of annual runoff volume, it is a period when the lowest flow generally occurs, and therefore is especially ecologically important and arguably will become more so as the climate warms. Summer streamflow represents a balance between snow and soil water storage accumulated in the previous winter, and peaking water demand driven by seasonally high net radiation and vapor pressure deficit (Cooper

Seasonal snow accumulation in global mountain "water towers" provides a virtual reservoir in winter that is essential for warm-season water supply (Viviroli et al., 2007). In High Mountain Asia (HMA), snowmelt feeds the major river basins (e.g., Indus, Amu Darya, Ganges) in their headwaters (Armstrong et al., 2019;Bookhagen & Burbank, 2010;Khanal et al., 2021;Kraaijenbrink et al., 2021), which is critical for meeting the human water demands of over 1 billion people in spring and summer (Immerzeel et al., 2010). Snow storage in seasonal snowpacks and the timing of snowmelt are highly sensitive to a warming climate, which is likely to alter the frequency of snow droughts (Huning & AghaKouchak, 2020) and pose risks to the water security for natural and human use (

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