SummaryPowdery mildew fungi are biotrophic pathogens that require living plant cells for their growth and reproduction. Elaboration of a specialized cell called a haustorium is essential for their pathogenesis, providing a portal into host cells for nutrient uptake and delivery of virulence effectors. Haustoria are enveloped by a modified plant plasma membrane, the extrahaustorial membrane (EHM), and an extrahaustorial matrix (EHMx), across which molecular exchange must occur, but the origin and composition of this interfacial zone remains obscure. Here we present a method for isolating Golovinomyces orontii haustoria from Arabidopsis leaves and an ultrastructural characterization of the haustorial interface. Haustoria were progressively encased by deposits of plant cell wall polymers, delivered by secretory vesicles and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) that ultimately become entrapped within the encasement. The EHM and EHMx were not labelled by antibodies recognizing eight plant cell wall and plasma membrane antigens. However, plant resistance protein RPW8.2 was specifically recruited to the EHMs of mature haustoria. Fungal cell wall-associated molecular patterns such as chitin and b-1,3-glucans were exposed at the surface of haustoria. Fungal MVBs were abundant in haustoria and putative exosome vesicles were detected in the paramural space and EHMx, suggesting the existence of an exosome-mediated secretion pathway.
Membrane compartmentalization and trafficking within and between cells is considered an essential cellular property of higher eukaryotes. We established a high-throughput imaging method suitable for the quantitative detection of membrane compartments at subcellular resolution in intact epidermal tissue. Whole Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cotyledon leaves were subjected to quantitative confocal laser microscopy using automated image acquisition, computational pattern recognition, and quantification of membrane compartments. This revealed that our method is sensitive and reliable to detect distinct endomembrane compartments. We applied quantitative confocal laser microscopy to a transgenic line expressing GFP2xFYVE as a marker for endosomal compartments during biotic or abiotic stresses, and detected markedly quantitative adaptations in response to changing environments. Using a transgenic line expressing the plasma membrane-resident syntaxin GFP-PEN1, we quantified the pathogen-inducible extracellular accumulation of this fusion protein at fungal entry sites. Our protocol provides a platform to study the quantitative and dynamic changes of endomembrane trafficking, and potential adaptations of this machinery to physiological stress.
Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Eine flächendeckende hausärztliche Versorgung wird durch die soziodemografische Entwicklung der Bevölkerung sowie durch Nachwuchsprobleme in der Allgemeinmedizin gefährdet. Positive Erfahrungen Medizinstudierender während absolvierter Praktika in den akademischen Lehrpraxen wecken das Interesse am Beruf des allgemeinmedizinischen Hausarztes. Bislang gab es jedoch keine hinlänglichen Untersuchungen, welche Lehrpraxen-Charakteristika von Bedeutung sein können, um Medizinstudierende für den Beruf als Hausarzt zu begeistern. Methoden Es wurden vier Fokusgruppen mit insgesamt 22 Studierenden durchgeführt. Die Gruppendiskussionen wurden aufgezeichnet, anschließend transkribiert und danach mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse softwareunterstützt ausgewertet. Ergebnisse Variablen, die die wahrgenommene Attraktivität des Berufs des Hausarztes steigerten waren Anleitung und Betreuung durch den Lehrpraxen-Inhaber sowie dessen Feedback-Verhalten, eine offene und respektvolle Haltung des Lehrarztes gegenüber den Studierenden, die Möglichkeit zum selbstständigen Arbeiten, das breite Krankheitsspektrum und der abwechslungsreiche Arbeitsalltag, langjährige Arzt-Patienten-Beziehungen sowie eine ausgewogene Work-Life Balance. Variablen, die die wahrgenommene Attraktivität des Berufs Hausarztes reduzierten waren das wirtschaftliche Risiko der Praxisgründung und Selbstständigkeit, das Überweisen von Patienten zu Spezialisten bei „interessanten Befunden“ sowie eine nicht ausgewogene Work-Life Balance. Schlussfolgerung Die praktische Ausbildung Medizinstudierender in Lehrpraxen hat das Potenzial, die Attraktivität des Berufes Hausarzt zu steigern und damit die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass Studierende sich später für den Tätigkeitsbereich „Hausarzt“ entscheiden. Dazu bedarf es motivierter Lehrpraxen-Inhaber, die Studierenden einen positiven Einblick in den Praxisalltag vermitteln.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.