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De la retórica del contraste a las percepciones de identidad: escritura académica en inglés en México central. AbstractThis research looks at two students at the end of a four year period in academic writing as a second language using open interviews and textual analysis of academic papers. While the initial focus of the research was on the development of rhetorical features in academic texts, issues more oriented to identity construction emerged through the data analysis, implying that long term academic writing in a second language may be more akin to literacy development. The results seem to show that while the participants express a strong identity with English as writers, the actual writing is more in tune with conventions of Spanish. This suggests an apparent conflict of English as a tool for writing and Spanish as the language of the individual.Key words: academic writing, EFL literacy, perception of discoursal identity ResumenEsta investigación estudia la redacción académica en una lengua extranjera de dos alumnos en un período de cuatro años, utilizando entrevistas abiertas y análisis de ensayos académicos. Aunque el enfoque inicial de la investigación era del desarrollo de herramientas retóricas en textos académicos, algunos problemas relacionados con la construcción identitaria emergieron a través del análisis de los datos, lo cual podría indicar que el desarrollo a largo plazo de redacción académica en una segunda lengua puede estar más vinculado con lecto-escritura. Los resultados parecen mostrar que mientras los participantes expresan una fuerte identificación con el inglés, su escritura está más en sintonía con las convenciones de español. Esto sugiere un aparente conflicto con el inglés como herramienta de redacción y el español como lengua de expresión del individuo.Palabras clave: lectoescritura, percepción de identidad discursiva, redacción académica, RésuméCette recherche étudie la rédaction académique dans une langue étrangère de deux étudiants dans une période de quatre ans, au moyen d'entretiens avec des questions ouvertes et l'analyse d'essais académiques. Bien que l'approche de départ ait été le développement d'outils rhétoriques dans des textes académiques, quelques problèmes associés à la construction identitaire sont apparus à travers l'analyse des données, ce qui pourrait indiquer que le développement à long terme de la rédaction académique en une seconde langue peut être davantage Mots clés : littéracie, perception de l'identité discursive, rédaction académique, ResumoEsta pesquisa estuda a redação acadêmica em uma língua estrangeira de dois alunos em um período de quatro anos, utilizando entrevistas abertas e análise de ensaios acadêmicos. Apesar de que o enfoque inicial da pesquisa era do desenvolvimento de ferramentas retóricas em textos acadêmicos, alguns problemas relacionados com a construção identitária emergiram através da análise dos dados, o qual poderia indicar que o desenvolvimento ao longo prazo da redação acadêmica em uma segunda língua, pode estar mais vinculado com ...

Soil organic carbon influences several landscape ecological processes, and soils are becoming recognized as a mechanism to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change. There is a need to define methods and technologies for addressing soils’ spatial variability as well as the time and cost of sampling soil organic carbon (SOC). Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy have been suggested as a sampling tool to reduce inventory cost. We sampled nineteen ranch properties totaling 17,347 ha across Oklahoma and Texas in 2019 to evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy of a handheld reflectometer (Our Sci, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) (370–940 nm) and existing remote sensing approaches to estimate SOC in semi-arid grazing lands. Our data suggest that the Our Sci Reflectometer estimated soil organic carbon with a precision of approximately (±0.3% SOC); however, it was least accurate at higher carbon concentrations. The Our Sci reflectometer, although consistently accurate at lower SOC concentrations, was still less accurate than a model built using only remote sensing and digital soil map data as predictors. Combining the two data sources was the most accurate means of determining SOC. Our results indicated that the Our Sci handheld Vis-NIR reflectometer tested may have only limited applications for reducing inventory costs at scale.

Soils comprise the largest pool of terrestrial carbon yet have lost significant stocks due to human activity. Changes to land management in cropland and grazing systems present opportunities to sequester carbon in soils at large scales. Uncertainty in the magnitude of this potential impact is largely driven by the difficulties and costs associated with measuring near-surface (0–30 cm) soil carbon concentrations; a key component of soil carbon stock assessments. Many techniques exist to optimize sampling, yet few studies have compared these techniques at varying sample intensities. In this study, we performed ex-ante, high-intensity sampling for soil carbon concentrations at four farms in the eastern United States. We used post hoc Monte-Carlo bootstrapping to investigate the most efficient sampling approaches for soil carbon inventory: K-means stratification, Conditioned Latin Hypercube Sampling (cLHS), simple random, and regular grid. No two study sites displayed similar patterns across all sampling techniques, although cLHS and grid emerged as the most efficient sampling schemes across all sites and strata sizes. The number of strata chosen when using K-means stratification can have a significant impact on sample efficiency, and we caution future inventories from using small strata n, while avoiding even allocation of sample between strata. Our findings reinforce the need for adaptive sampling methodologies where initial site inventory can inform primary, robust inventory with site-specific sampling techniques.

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