This utility's goal of 90 percent arsenic removal was attained through treatment with 6.5 mg/L ferric chloride. This study evaluated the removal of naturally occurring arsenic in a full‐scale (106‐mgd) conventional treatment plant. When the source water was treated with 3–10 mg/L of ferric chloride or 6, 10, or 20 mg/L of alum, arsenic removal was 81–96 percent (ferric chloride) and 23–71 percent (alum). Metal concentrations in the sludge produced during this study were below the state's current hazardous waste levels at all coagulant dosages. No operational difficulties were encountered.

The preparation of oligochitosan through the heterogeneous degradation of chitosan/H

In this report, magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were functionalized with chitosan-grafted-poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (CTS-mPEG) for paclitaxel (PTX) delivery. The Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were prepared via the chemical coprecipitation method and then coated with CTS-mPEG (Fe 3 O 4 @CTS-mPEG) by a simple method. The formation of Fe 3 O 4 @CTS-mPEG was characterized by several methods including proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the superparamagnetic properties of Fe 3 O 4 @CTS-mPEG were demonstrated by a vibrating sample magnetometer; the saturation magnetization reached 23 emu g -1 . The sizes and morphologies of Fe 3 O 4 and Fe 3 O 4 @CTS-mPEG nanoparticles were determined by transmission electron microscopy. The result indicated that Fe 3 O 4 @CTS-mPEGs were nearly spherical in shape with an average diameter of 20 nm, compared with the 12-nm Fe 3 O 4 particles. Especially, PTX was effectively loaded into the coated nanoparticles, 86.9±3.4% for drug loading efficiency, and slowly released up to 120 h. These results suggest the potential applications of Fe 3 O 4 @CTS-mPEG in the development of stable drug delivery systems for cancer treatment.

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