The low initial SpO and SF ratio, respiratory acidosis, and SF ratio less than 195 at the first hours of treatment were related to unresponsiveness to HFNC therapy in our pediatric emergency department.

No abstract

Amaç: Zehirlenmeler çocuk yaş grubunda sık görülen, hızlı tanı ve tedavi gerektiren, önlenebilir çevresel acillerdendir. Bu çalışmada zehirlenme nedeniyle başvuran hastaların epidemiyolojik ve klinik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Yöntemler: Haziran 2010-Ocak 2015 yılları arasında çocuk acil servisine zehirlenme nedeniyle başvuran hastaların hastane kayıtları geriye dönük olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Çalışmaya alınan 997 zehirlenme olgusunun, %55'inin kız olduğu görülmüştür. Hastaların ortanca yaşının 43 ay [çeyrekler arası aralık: 24-166], %58,1'inin 5 yaş altında, %30,7'sinin 12 yaş üstünde olduğu bulunmuştur. Zehirlenmelerin, beş yaş altında çoğunlukla erkeklerde (%57,5) ve tamamının kaza sonucu, 12 yaş üstünde ise kızlarda (%81) ve özkıyım amaçlı (%76,1) olduğu saptanmıştır. Olguların %84,7'si tek etkenle, %15,3'ü ise birden fazla etkenle zehirlenmiştir. En sık ilaçlarla (%56,7), ikinci sırada ise kostik/korozif maddelerle (%27,8) olan zehirlenmeler saptanmıştır. İlaçlar ile olan zehirlenmelerin en sık analjezikler (%26,9) ve santral sinir sistemi ilaçları (%24) ile olduğu görülmüştür. Hastaların %71,3'ünün asemptomatik olduğu, semptomatik hastalarda ise en sık gastrointestinal sistem bulguları olduğu bulunmuştur. İlaçlarla zehirlenen olguların %21'ine mide lavajı; %28'ine aktif kömür uygulanmış, %2'sine antidot tedavisi verilmiştir. Hastaların %92'si çocuk acil servisinden taburcu edilirken, 14 olgu (%1,4) yoğun bakımda tedavi edilmiştir. Beş yıl süresince zehirlenmeye bağlı mortalite gözlenmemiştir. Sonuç: Zehirlenmeler çocuk yaş grubunda morbiditenin önemli ve önlenebilir bir nedenidir. Beş yaş altı grupta kaza sonucu, adölesan yaş grubunda özkıyım amaçlı zehirlenmelerin sık olduğu, ilaçlar ve kostik/korozif maddelerle olan zehirlenmelerin en önemli neden olduğu bulunmuştur. Yaş gruplarına göre bu epidemiyolojik ve klinik özelliklerin bilinmesi, nedene yönelik hızlı tanı ve tedavi yapılmasını sağlayacak; gerekli önlemler alınarak zehirlenmelerin azaltılmasına katkı sağlayacaktır.

Objective:The objective of this study was to evaluate physical examinations, imaging, and laboratory analyses individually and combined using innovative statistical analysis methods for the accurate diagnosis of pediatric appendicitis.Methods: Patients admitted to hospital with symptoms of abdominal pain whose pediatric appendicitis scores greater than 3 were included in the study. Clinical, radiologic, and laboratory findings and as a new biomarker calprotectin (CPT) concentrations were evaluated individually and combined using artificial neural networks (ANNs), which revealed latent relationships for a definitive diagnosis.Results: Three hundred twenty patients were evaluated (190 appendicitis [43 perforated] vs 130 no appendicitis). The mean ± SD age was 11.3 ± 3.6 years and 63% were male. Pediatric appendicitis scores, white blood cell (WBC) count, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), C-reactive protein (CRP) level, procalcitonin (PCT) and CPT concentrations were higher in the appendicitis group; however, only WBC and ANC were higher in first 24 hours of pain. White blood cells and CRP were diagnostic markers in patients whose appendix could not be visualized using ultrasonography (US). On classic receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the areas under the curve (AUCs) were not strong enough for differential diagnosis (WBC, 0.73; ANC, 0.72; CRP, 0.65; PCT and CPT, 0.61). However, when the physical examination, US, and laboratory findings were analyzed in a multivariate model and the ROC analysis obtained from the variables with ANN, an ROC curve could be obtained with 0.91 AUC, 89.8% sensitivity, and 81.2% specificity. C-reactive protein and PCT were diagnostic for perforated appendicitis with 0.83 and 0.75 AUC on ROC.Conclusions: Although none of the biomarkers were sufficient for an accurate diagnosis of appendicitis individually, a combination of physical examination and laboratory and US was a good diagnostic tool for pediatric appendicitis.

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate diaphragmatic parameters in bronchiolitis patients and identify correlations between clinical and sonographic severity scores and outcomes to develop a more objective and useful tool in the emergency department. Methods Children aged between 1 and 24 months and diagnosed with acute bronchiolitis were included in the study. The Modified Respiratory Distress Assessment Instrument (mRDAI) score was used to quantify the clinical severity of the disease. Lung ultrasound was performed and a bronchiolitis ultrasound score (BUS) was calculated. Diaphragm ultrasound was then performed and diaphragm thickness at the end of inspiration and expiration, thickening fraction, diaphragm excursion (EXC), inspiratory slope (IS), expiratory slope (ES), and total duration time of the respiratory cycle were measured. Results There were 104 patients evaluated in this study. The mRDAI score and BUS had a significant positive correlation. There was a positive correlation between IS and respiratory rate at admission. As the clinical score increased, IS, ES, and EXC measurements rose and they were positively correlated. Values of IS, ES, and EXC were higher in the moderate‐severe group than the mild group for both mRDAI and BUS scores. Inspiratory slope values were correlated with the length of stay in the hospital. Conclusion Values of IS and ES were correlated with clinical and sonographic severity scores. Moreover, IS was a good predictor of outcome. Diaphragm ultrasound appears to be an objective and useful tool to help the physician make decisions regarding the evaluation and management of bronchiolitis.