Acute infantile hemorrhagic edema (AIHE) is a cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis, clinically characterized by the symptom triad of fever, large purpuric skin lesions, and edema. The clinical picture has a violent onset, a short benign course, and spontaneous complete recovery. In this article, we present eight patients who were admitted with rashes on the skin and edema on the eyelids and extremities, and were diagnosed with AIHE according to their clinical and histopathological features (immunohistological study was also performed in three of them). Our purpose was to emphasize that, aside from Henoch-Schönlein purpura, meningococcemia, septicemia, and purpura fulminans, AIHE benign disorder should also be considered in the differential diagnosis to determine the clinical course and treatment protocol in patients with purpuric rashes.

In this study, we compared three different therapy modes (150,000 IU, 300,000 IU, and 600,000 IU vitamin D p.o.) in infants with nutritional vitamin D deficiency rickets (VDR). Our purpose was to determine the most effective dosage of vitamin D with least side effects for treating VDR. The study included 56 patients, 3-36 months of age, with nutritional VDR and 20 age-matched control infants. In all infants, serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, magnesium, serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, plasma intact parathormone levels and urinary Ca/creatine ratio were determined. Of 56 patients, 52 were able to be followed long-term. These patients were reexamined on the 3rd day, 7-10th day, and 25-30th day after treatment. On the 30th day post-treatment, we did not find any difference between the doses in the improvement of rickets. However, hypercalcemia was present in eight infants who had been administered 300,000 IU (two infants) and 600,000 IU (six infants) of vitamin D. In conclusion, our findings showed that 150,000 IU or 300,000 IU of vitamin D was adequate in the treatment of VDR, but 600,000 IU of vitamin D may carry the risk of hypercalcemia.

Although a paediatric cardiology referral may provide reassurance to the primary care and emergency department physicians, our results show that cardiac aetiologies for paediatric chest pain are very rare. We think that many patients in our study were adequately evaluated only by careful history, and physical examination. Therefore, we suggest that it may not be necessary to use echocardiogram in the routine evaluation of children with chest pain.

This study reports the association between BMD-SDS and insulin resistance in obese adolescents both with and without NAFLD, although the NAFLD group had a lower BMD-SDS than the non-NAFLD group. We suggest that NAFLD has a detrimental effect on bone health in adolescents, and it is correlated with increased insulin resistance.

Varicella can cause complications that are potentially serious and require hospitalization. Our current understanding of the causes and incidence of varicella-related hospitalization in Turkey is limited and sufficiently accurate epidemiological and economical information is lacking. The aim of this study was to estimate the annual incidence of varicella-related hospitalizations, describe the complications, and estimate the annual mortality and cost of varicella in children. VARICOMP is a multi-center study that was performed to provide epidemiological and economic data on hospitalization for varicella in children between 0 and 15 years of age from October 2008 to September 2010 in Turkey. According to medical records from 27 health care centers in 14 cities (representing 49.3% of the childhood population in Turkey), 824 children (73% previously healthy) were hospitalized for varicella over the 2-year period. Most cases occurred in the spring and early summer months. Most cases were in children under 5 years of age, and 29.5% were in children under 1 year of age. The estimated incidence of varicella-related hospitalization was 5.29-6.89 per 100,000 in all children between 0-15 years of age in Turkey, 21.7 to 28 per 100,000 children under 1 year of age, 9.8-13.8 per 100,000 children under 5 years of age, 3.96-6.52 per 100,000 children between 5 and 10 years of age and 0.42 to 0.71 per 100,000 children between 10 and 15 years of age. Among the 824 children, 212 (25.7%) were hospitalized because of primary varicella infection. The most common complications in children were secondary bacterial infection (23%), neurological (19.1%), and respiratory (17.5%) complications. Secondary bacterial infections (p < 0.001) and neurological complications (p < 0.001) were significantly more common in previously healthy children, whereas hematological complications (p < 0.001) were more commonly observed in children with underlying conditions. The median length of the hospital stay was 6 days, and it was longer in children with underlying conditions (<0.001). The median cost of hospitalization per patient was $338 and was significantly higher in children with underlying conditions (p < 0.001). The estimated direct annual cost (not including the loss of parental work time and school absence) of varicella-related hospitalization in children under the age of 15 years in Turkey was $856,190 to $1,407,006. According to our estimates, 882 to 1,450 children are hospitalized for varicella each year, reflecting a population-wide occurrence of 466-768 varicella cases per 100,000 children. In conclusion, this study confirms that varicella-related hospitalizations are not uncommon in children, and two thirds of these children are otherwise healthy. The annual cost of hospitalization for varicella reflects only a small part of the overall cost of this disease, as only a very few cases require hospital admission. The incidence of this disease was higher in children <1 year of age, and there are no prevention strategies for these children other ...