<p><em>Trichophyton mentagrophytes</em> and <em>Microsporum canis</em> are dermatophytes fungi which commonly infect animal and human. Conventional and molecular methods were used for identification of the fungus. The region of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) has a high probability for fungal identification. PCR-RFLP was reported as a useful method to differentiate dermatophytes fungi. The objective of the study was<em> </em>to compare molecular profile of <em>T. mentagrophytes</em> and <em>M. canis</em> based on the result of ITS fragment digestion using Dde I, Hinf I and Mva I. The molds were isolated from skin scrapping of 18 animals which showed dermatophytosis lesion. The isolated molds were grown on agar plate for 14 days of incubation at 37^oC and then identified based on macro and microscopic morphologies. Amplification of chitin synthase gene was used for confirmation and separation of dermatophytes from other fungi. ITS fragment was amplified and then digested using restriction enzymes Dde I, Hinf I and Mva I. The result showed that digestion products from ITS fragment of <em>T. mentagrophytes</em> and <em>M. canis </em>were different<em>.</em> The fragment 159 bp from Dde I, 374 bp from Hinf I and 89 bp from Mva I were present in <em>T. mentagrophytes</em> but absent in <em>M. canis</em>.   Based on these results, specific RFLP profile of digestion ITS region by Dde I, Hinf I and Mva I can be used as a specific marker for species of dermatophytes fungi.</p>

Bovine reproductive diseases are endemic in Indonesia, but comprehensive information about their infectious causes is not available. Therefore, our aim for this study was to detect several infectious agents that cause reproductive diseases in Indonesian beef and dairy cows. A total of 152 cow serum samples collected by Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Brawijaya University and Veterinary Disease Investigation Centre as a part of the mandatory and regularly surveillance system from three provinces during 2019–2020 were used. The samples were then sent to Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science (IRCVS) for further detection of seven reproductive diseases by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Seven reproductive diseases to be tested in parallel are neosporosis, chlamydiosis, brucellosis, Q fever, bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), and BHV-4 infection. The dominant reproductive diseases in Indonesian cows were BVD (45.69%), chlamydiosis (31.58%), IBR (20.53%), neosporosis (11.84%), and BHV-4 infection (10.53%). The seroprevalence of IBR, BHV-4 infection, neosporosis, and brucellosis varied significantly P < 0.05 between dairy and beef cattle. The most dominant reproductive diseases in aborted cows were chlamydiosis (45%), BVD (41%), and neosporosis (10%). The conclusion drawn from this study is that the dominant reproductive diseases in Indonesian cows are BVD, chlamydiosis, IBR, neosporosis, and BHV-4 infection. Chlamydiosis, BVD, and neosporosis are common among aborted cow. Chlamydiosis, neosporosis, and BHV-4 infection should be included in the national priority list in Indonesia. Control and preventive measures should be focused on high-risk areas and animals like stray cat and dog.

Paecilomyces lilacinus and P.variotii are molds that can control the parasitic worms for animals and plants. The molds have been used as biological control of plant nematodes and more commercialized, but for controlling animal trematode worm parasite has not been known. For the purposes of the experiments were tested in vitro the ability local isolates of P.lilacinus and P.variotii to reduce (predator) worm eggs of Meloidogyne sp and Fasciola gigantica. The tests carried out on the eggs of the two types of worms, by adding some eggs on P. lilacinus and P.variotii spores that have been inoculated in a petri dish. The experiments were performed during a specific time with the addition of isolates for a comparison test. The result of the test from this experiment was P. lilacinus is better than P. variotii to reduce types of those worms.

Rhizopus sp is a type of fungi which easily grow in the soil, fruit, vegetables and fermented food. This paper describes some functions of Rhizopus sp on increasing nutritional value of feed ingredient and possibility of its application in Indonesia. Rhizopus mold has been known in Indonesia especially for tempe production for food. Research about Rhizopus sp gives knowledge for utilizing Rhizopus sp for other functions. Rhizopus sp is able to inhibit the growth of toxigenic fungus, Aspergillus flavus and to degrade aflatoxin. Rhizopus sp also produces compounds which are able to inhibit pathogenic bacteria and acts as antioxidant. Rhizopus sp absorbs some minerals and changes them to become organic minerals hence it increases mineral absorption by the body. Utilization of feed fermented by Rhizopus sp in livestock showed better result compared to non fermented feed. Rhizopus sp is also very potential to be applied as feed additive for livestock. Key words: Rhizopus sp, feed additive, livestock ABSTRAKRhizopus sp merupakan kapang yang mudah tumbuh dalam tanah, buah dan sayuran serta produk olahan terfermentasi. Tulisan ini menguraikan beberapa fungsi Rhizopus sp dalam meningkatkan nilai nutrisi bahan pakan dan kemungkinan aplikasinya di Indonesia. Kapang Rhizopus sp sudah lama dikenal di Indonesia terutama untuk pembuatan tempe. Beberapa penelitian mengenai Rhizopus sp membuka peluang pemanfaatan Rhizopus sp untuk fungsi-fungsi lain. Kapang Rhizopus sp dapat menekan pertumbuhan kapang toksigenik Aspergillus flavus dan mendegradasi aflatoksin. Rhizopus sp juga dapat menghasilkan senyawa yang dapat menghambat bakteri patogen dan berfungsi sebagai antioksidan. Rhizopus sp menyerap beberapa unsur mineral dan mengubahnya menjadi mineral organik sehingga dapat meningkatkan penyerapan mineral di dalam tubuh dengan lebih baik. Pemanfaatan bahan pakan hasil fermentasi oleh Rhizopus sp pada ternak memperlihatkan hasil yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan tanpa fermentasi. Rhizopus sp juga sangat potensial untuk diaplikasikan sebagai pakan imbuhan untuk ternak.

Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes are pathogenic fungi that could induce disease in animal and human. Limited non-toxic antifungal and the presence of resistance are triggering the search for novel alternative. Antifungal peptides gain more interest since their native protein are very abundant and showed broad spectrum activity. This research was conducted to evaluate antifungal activity of goat, mare and soybean milks hydrolysate and their peptide fraction against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Goat, mare and soybean milk proteins were hydrolyzed using Bacillus thuringiensis protease enzyme. Hydrolysate products were fractionated using molecular weight cut off membrane 30 kDa, 10 kDa, and 3 kDa. Each peptide fraction was assayed for antifungal activity against to Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The result showed hydrolysis of mare milk, goat milk produced bioactive peptides to Candida albicans but less effective to Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Generally, the peptide fractions derived from whole, casein and whey from mare milk showed higher antifungal activity compared to the peptide fraction derived from goat or soybean milk. Whole mare milk peptides fractions with molecular weight >3 kDa were very effective to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans compared to peptide fractions from goat's milk or soybean milk. Peptide fractions >3 kDa from mare casein and whey protein also showed high activity against to Candida albicans, while fractions <3 kDa was more active to inhibit Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Based on the result, it can be concluded that the hydrolysates and their peptide fraction from whole milk, casein and whey from mare milk are very potent to be developed as antifungal.