<p>ABSTRACT<br />East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) in the 1998 was able to supply beef cattle with minimum body weight of 250 kg to Java. This capacity, however, decreases today due to the some contraints faced. Pasture is a comparative advantage for grazing system. However, quality of the pasture has declined, and rice intensification policy has reduced grazing areas. The cases of livestock theft are also high which will decrease farmers interest to rearing cattle. Calf mortality is high and slaughtering productive cows is still occurred which<br />resulted in decreasing beef cattle population. Policy measures to push NTT as a source of beef cattle include pasture management and improvement and application of integrated paddy-cattle to anticipate the reduction of grazing areas in spuring the carrying capacity. Cattle securing is required to avoid theft. Control policies on slaughtering of productive cows are needed through institutional development by the local government. Decreasing calf mortality rates with no shepherd and addition of feed based on local resources are needed. Furthermore, improvement of beef cattle genetic quality through natural mating with the provision of superior male, and development of snapping estrus and artificial insemination are required. These strategies will be able to push increasing beef cattle population in NTT, therefore NTT would revive as a supplier of beef cattle to Java Island.<br />Keywords: Beef cattle, regional development, East Nusa Tenggara</p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) pada tahun 1980-an merupakan pemasok ternak sapi potong ke Pulau Jawa dengan bobot badan minimal 250 kg/ekor. Namun, kemampuan tersebut makin menurun karena berbagai kendala yang dihadapi. Padang penggembalaan merupakan keunggulan komparatif dengan sistem pemeliharaan digembalakan. Namun, kualitas padang penggembalaan makin menurun, selain kebijakan intensifikasi tanaman padi yang berdampak terhadap berkurangnya area penggembalaan. Kasus pencurian ternak yang tinggi akan menurunkan minat peternak dalam usaha ternak. Kematian anak sapi yang masih tinggi dan adanya pemotongan sapi betina produktif akan mengganggu program peningkatan populasi sapi di NTT. Langkah kebijakan untuk memacu NTT kembali sebagai sumber ternak sapi potong di antaranya adalah perbaikan padang penggembalaan dan pengelolaannya dan penerapan model integrasi padi-sapi untuk mengantisipasi berkurangnya area penggembalaan dan meningkatkan daya dukung pakan. Jaminan keamanan ternak diperlukan akibat kasus maraknya pencurian, karena sapi adalah aset utama petani dalam memenuhi ekonomi keluarga. Kebijakan pengendalian pemotongan sapi betina produktif dapat dilakukan melalui pengembangan kelembagaan yang tepat oleh Pemda. Kematian anak sapi dapat diturunkan dengan tidak mengikutkan anak dalam penggembalaan. Perbaikan kualitas genetik dilakukan melalui kawin alam dengan pejantan unggul, maupun pe-ngembangan gertak berahi dan inseminasi buatan. Strategi ini diharapkan mampu memacu peningkatan populasi sapi potong dan mengembalikan peran NTT sebagai pemasok sapi ke Pulau Jawa.<br /><br /></p>

The objective of this research was to find out the variability of morphological characters of genus Ipomoea, including coefficient variance and phylogenetic relationships. Genus Ipomoea has been identified consisting of four species i.e. Ipomoea crassicaulis Rob, Ipomoea aquatica Forsk., Ipomoea reptans Poir and Ipomoea leari. Four species of the genus took from surround the lake inside the campus of Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Comparison of species variability was based on the variance coefficient of vegetative and generative morphological characters. The vegetative characters observed were roots, steams and leaves, while the generative characters observed were flowers, fruits, and seeds. Phylogenetic relationship was determined by clustering association coefficient. Coefficient variance analysis of vegetative and generative morphological characters resulted in several groups based on the degree of variability i.e. low, enough, high, very high or none. The phylogenetic relationship showed that Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. and Ipomoea reptans Poir. have higher degree of phylogenetic than Ipomoea leari and Ipomoea crassicaulis Rob.

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Based on the proximity of their habitat to the settlement, rats were classified as domestic, peridomestic, and sylvatic. Domestic rats are the most potent to transmit zoonotic diseases. Several studies report overlapping habitat on certain species as of transmission possibility between species in turn increase the number of reservoir species. This article purposes to criticize species domestication potency related to foraging and nesting behavior. The primary data were obtained from the rat survey result that was conducted in Banjarnegara district in 2017. The data were descriptively analyzed with the examination of the possibility of domestication phenomena on R. exulans, R. tiomanicus, and R. norvegicus species. The conclusion from this study is the rat domestication potency was relatively low on R. exulans and R. tiomanicus. Both species were good adapting with food resourced from human's food, however nesting behavior has become barriers to domestication. Rattus norvegicus has been long adapted to food resource and human environment by nesting in settlement so that this species classified as a domestic rat.

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