Summary The lateral transfer of symbiotic genes converting a predisposed soil bacteria into a legume symbiont has occurred repeatedly and independently during the evolution of rhizobia. We experimented the transfer of a symbiotic plasmid between Bradyrhizobium strains. The originality of the DOA9 donor is that it harbours a symbiotic mega‐plasmid (pDOA9) containing nod, nif and T3SS genes while the ORS278 recipient has the unique property of inducing nodules on some Aeschynomene species in the absence of Nod factors (NFs). We observed that the chimeric strain ORS278‐pDOA9* lost its ability to develop a functional symbiosis with Aeschynomene. indica and Aeschynomene evenia. The mutation of rhcN and nodB led to partial restoration of nodule efficiency, indicating that T3SS effectors and NFs block the establishment of the NF‐independent symbiosis. Conversely, ORS278‐pDOA9* strain acquired the ability to form nodules on Crotalaria juncea and Macroptillium artropurpureum but not on NF‐dependent Aeschynomene (A. afraspera and A. americana), suggesting that the ORS278 strain also harbours incompatible factors that block the interaction with these species. These data indicate that the symbiotic properties of a chimeric rhizobia cannot be anticipated due to new combination of symbiotic and non‐symbiotic determinants that may interfere during the interaction with the host plant.

Bacillus altitudinis P-10 was isolated from the rhizosphere of rice grown in an organic rice field and provides strong antagonism against the bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in rice. Herein, we provide the complete genome sequence and a possible explanation of the antibiotic function of the P-10 strain.

The Wonogiri Reservoir capacity decreases rapidly, caused by serious sedimentation problems. In 2007, JICA was proposed a sediment storage reservoir with a new spillway for the purpose of sediment flushing / sluicing from The Keduang River. Due to the change of reservoir storage and change of reservoir system, it requires a sustainable reservoir operation technique. This technique is aimed to minimize the deviation between the input and output of sediments. The main objective of this study is to explore the optimal Wonogiri reservoir operation by minimizing the sediment trap. The CSUDP incremental dynamic programming procedure is used for the model optimization. This new operating rules will also simulate a five years operation period, to show the effect of the implemented techniques. The result of the study are the newly developed reservoir operation system has many advantages when compared to the actual operation system and the disadvantage of this developed system is that the use is mainly designed for a wet hydrologic year, since its performance for the water supply is lower than the actual reservoir operations.

Rawa Pening Lake is one of fifteen priority lakes. The problem in Rawa Pening Lake is the rapid sedimentation rate and blooming of water hyacinth which has an impact on the decreasing of storage capacity and water quality. The handling has not shown significant results. Therefore, that it needs to innovate on improvement and maintenance of Rawa Pening Catchment Area that has never done that is in the form of small dam development in Rawa Pening catchment area. The construction of a small dam in the Rawa Pening catchment area can temporarily hold water and prevent the rate of sediment from entering the lake. The purpose of this research is to analyse the influence of small dams in the Rawa Pening catchment area to sedimentation rate in Rawa Pening Lake. Sedimentation is calculated based on soil erosion in the catchment area, using the USLE formula. If There are 40 small-dams in Lake Rawa Pening catchment area, the sedimentation decreased to 78.75%. If there are only 2 small-dams constructed in the Klegung sub-watershed and the Legi sub-watershed, the sedimentation decrease to 67%.

Pendidikan adalah salah satu aspek yang dijadikan sebagai wadah untuk membentuk moral dan perilaku anak bangsa. Oleh sebab itu pendidikan hari ini menuntut setiap komponennya untuk melaksanakan tugas dan perannya dengan baik. Begitu juga dengan pendidik yang harus selalu mengembangkan pembelajaran baik dari stategi ataupun media yang digunakan. Tujuan penelitian ini antara lain: (1) Bagaimana pengembangan media pembelajaran daring, (2) Apa saja Kelebihan pengembangan media pembelajaran daring, (3) Apa saja kendala dan solusi dalam pengembangan media pembelajaran daring di SMKN 2 Purwakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan sekunder dengan teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Pengujian keabsahan data dengan perpanjangan pengamatan, trianggulasi, dan diskusi dengan teman sejawat. Adapun teori yang digunakan menurut sadirman tentang peran guru sebagai mediator, serta teori pengembangan media pembelajaran menggunakan model ADDIE. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, pertama, Pengembangan media pembelajaran daring di SMKN 2 Purwakarta sudah sesuai dengan model pengembangan ADDIE dengan optimalisasi penggunaan media google workspace dengan fasilitas akun belajar.id yang disediakan kemendikbud. Kedua, kelebihan pengembangan antara lain: Meningkatkan efektivitas dan efisiensi dalam pembelajaran, Anak didik mampu mencipatakan sesuatu yang baru, Mendorong anak didik dalam mengekspresikan gagasan, Mendorong guru untuk lebih kreatif, Memperluas kesempatan belajar, Meningkatkan kualitas belajar mengajar, Memfasilitasi pembentukan keterampilan, Mendorong belajar sepanjang hayat berkelanjutan, Meningkatkan perencanaan kebijakan dan manajemen, Mengurangi kesenjangan digital. Ketiga, kendala pengembangan media pembelajaran daring adalah kurangnya pengetahuan tentang media pembelajaran daring sedangkan solusinya dengan beberapa cara antara lain: Menetapkan strategi yang tepat, Pengadaan pelatihan dan selalu sharing dengan teman guru sekolah lain melalui media sosial.Kata kunci : Peran guru, Pengembangan media, Pembelajaran daring.