Between June and October 2005, 45 laboratory-confirmed type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) cases were identified on Madura Island in Indonesia. Genetic sequencing data on VDPV isolates were consistent with replication and circulation for up to ϳ2 years. Concurrent circulation with type 1 wild poliovirus (WPV) enabled comparisons of VDPV and WPV cases and found that clinical and epidemiological features of both were similar. Attack rates for VDPV were as high as those for WPV. Of 41 VDPV case patients with known vaccination status, 25 (61%) had received zero oral polio vaccine (OPV) doses. Low population immunity due to low routine OPV coverage in rural areas and the absence of WPV circulation for more than a decade were major predisposing factors for the emergence of VDPV. Suboptimal surveillance and a limited initial immunization response may have contributed to widespread circulation. Sensitive surveillance and prompt high-quality immunization responses are recommended to prevent the spread of VDPVs.Trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV), a live vaccine consisting of Sabin attenuated poliovirus strains 1, 2 and 3, is the primary tool for the global eradication of poliovirus. OPV prevents paralytic disease through stimulation of humoral immunity and induces intestinal mucosal immunity that reduces person-to-person transmission, thereby protecting both vaccine recipients and the community. Other advantages of OPV include low cost, easy administration, and suitability for use in mass campaigns in developing countries [1]. However, replicating polioviruses have a high frequency of genetic mutation and recombination with other vaccine serotypes and other enteroviruses [2][3][4][5], which rarely may result in vaccine variants reacquiring the ability of the parent wild strains to cause paralytic polio [6 -8]. In settings with low population immunity, Sabin vaccine strains may be transmitted for an extended period among susceptible carriers, increasing the possibility of emergence and spread of virulent strains [6,9].Vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) are defined as having at least 1% nucleotide difference from their parent Sabin strains in the VP1 capsid protein region of the poliovirus genome [8]. On the basis of the average rate of poliovirus capsid evolution, a 1% divergence in the VP1 area implies that a virus has replicated for ϳ1 year since administration of the initiating OPV dose. VDPVs are classified into 3 categories: circulating VDPVs (cVDPVs), which are associated with sustained personto-person transmission; immunodeficiency-associated VDPVs (iVDPVs), which have been isolated from immunodeficient persons with prolonged viral infection after exposure to OPV; and ambiguous VDPVs (aVDPVs), which either have been isolated from a single patient without immunodeficiency or are environmental isolates with an unidentified source [8] pines [3,12], China [9,13], Madagascar [14], and the United States [15], among others [8, 16, 17]. In addition to low vaccine coverage, other risk factors for cVDPV emergence and ...

This project demonstrated that under almost ideal conditions (good hygiene, maintenance of universally high IPV coverage, and corresponding high immunity against polioviruses), no emergence and circulation of VDPV could be detected in a tropical developing country setting.

AbstrakPenyakit rubela menyebar di seluruh dunia dan berbahaya bagi ibu hamil karena dapat menyebabkan abortus, kematian janin atau sindrom rubela kongenital (congenital rubella syndrome/CRS) hingga 90%. Penyebaran dan identifikasi genotipe rubela di Indonesia penting untuk memastikan adanya virus endemis atau importasi yang menyebar di masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penyebaran dan genotipe rubela di Jawa Barat dalam upaya pencegahan yang efektif. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan memeriksa sampel urin penderita suspect campak menggunakan protokol WHO melalui tahapan isolasi pada sel vero, uji PCR, uji sekuensing, dan analisis hasil sekuensing. Sampel diambil dari program surveilans campak-rubela nasional pada tahun 2011 ̶ 2013. Sebanyak 251 sampel urin yang diperiksa, diperoleh hasil sebanyak 32 sampel (12,7%) positif. Sebanyak 28 kasus (87,5%) merupakan genotipe 1E sedangkan sisanya 4 kasus (12,5%) merupakan genotipe 2B. Penyebaran virus rubela terutama terjadi di Kabupaten Kuningan, Garut, Tasikmalaya, Kota Bandung, Kota Cimahi, dan Kota Tasikmalaya. Pencegahan penyebaran penyakit rubela dan surveilans CRS di wilayah endemis perlu menjadi prioritas untuk memutus rantai penularan.Kata kunci: Genotipe rubela 1E, genotipe rubela 2B, epidemiologi rubela Distribution and Genotypic Analysis of Rubella Virus in West Java on 2011-2013Abstract Rubella spreads around the world and dangerous especially for pregnant women because it can cause abortion, fetal death or congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) almost 90% cases. Spread and identification of rubella genotypes in Indonesia is important to ensure the indigenous or importation virus. The purpose of this study was to determine the rubella genotype distribution and spread in West Java in effective prevention efforts. This study was conducted by examining the urine samples of suspect measles patients using WHO protocol through the virus isolation in vero cells, PCR, DNA sequencing, and analysis of the sequencing results. Samples taken from the measles-rubella surveillance program nationwide in 2011 ̶ 2013. Of the 251 urine samples were examined, 32 samples (12.7%) were positive. A total of 28 cases (87.5%) were genotype 1E while the remaining 4 cases (12.5%) were genotype 2B. Rubella virus spread primarily occurs in District of Kuningan, Garut, Tasikmalaya, Bandung City, Cimahi City, and Tasikmalaya City. Prevention of the rubella diseases and CRS surveillance in endemic areas should be priority task to break the chain of transmission.

Introduction: Diarrhea is a global leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five, with rotaviruses being the most common cause. This study aimed to determine the genotypes of rotavirus in children under 5 years with diarrhea in Bandung, Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2014 to 2018 on 450 children under five with acute diarrhea in primary health centers in Bandung, Indonesia. Fecal samples were examined for rotavirus antigen using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, and genotype was determined through sequencing using polymerase chain reaction. Results were statistically analyzed using Pearson Chi-square in Epi Info version 3.5.4, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Rotavirus was identified in 8.9% of the subjects, slightly higher in boys ( n = 24, 9.8%) than girls ( n = 16, 7.8%). We found that the most rotavirus positive in age group is >12–24 months and >24–59 months, while the highest percentage is at the age of ≤6 months (11.8%). Moderate malnutrition was observed in more subjects (12.8%). Vomiting was more frequent in patients positive (55%, P = 0.013) and fever was seen in 32.5% ( P = 0.645). No signs of dehydration were seen in most subjects (75%), P = 0.227. Rotavirus genotypes identified were G1P[8] (18, 45%), G3P[8] (14, 35%), G3P[6] (4, 10%), G3P[9] (2, 5%), G2P[4] (1, 2.5%), and nontypeable (NT) (1, 2.5%). Conclusions: The dominant rotavirus genotype is G1P[8], followed by G3P[8], G3P[6], G3P[9], G2P[4], and NT. The most common rotavirus positive in age group is >12–24 months and >24–59 months, while the highest percentage is at the age of ≤6 months.