Reducing vehicle speed is among the most effective road safety strategies. We assess how a new policy in Russia that eliminates fines for driving up to 20 km/h above the speed limit has affected the prevalence of speeding. We measured speeds periodically in 13 districts of two Russian regions during 2011-2013 and analysed the effect of the policy using difference-in-differences to control for seasonality. We find that the prevalence of speeding was declining steadily but half of the gains since mid-2011 were lost immediately after the new policy. Overall speeding increased significantly by 13 percentage points ( pp, 95% CI 4 to 19). Speeding more than 10 km/h above the limit increased significantly by 10 pp (95% CI 2 to 12), and extreme speeding increased but not significantly (1.7 pp, 95% CI −1.1 to 4.5). Road traffic injuries will likely increase in Russia unless speeding fines are reinstated.

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Road traffic injuries are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. In Russia, a road safety program was implemented in Lipetskaya and Ivanovskaya oblasts (regions) as part of a 10-country effort funded by Bloomberg Philanthropies. The program was focused on increasing seat belt and child restraint use and reducing speeding. The primary goals of this monitoring and evaluation study are to assess trends in seat belt use, child restraint use, and speed compliance in the two oblasts over the 5 years and to explore the overall impact of the program on road traffic injury and death rates. Primary data via roadside observations and interviews, and secondary data from official government sources were collected and analyzed for this study. Our results indicate significant improvements in seat belt wearing and child seat use rates and in prevalence of speeding in both intervention oblasts. The observations were consistent with the results from the roadside interviews. In Lipetskaya, restraint use by all occupants increased from 52.4% (baseline, October 2010) to 77.4% (final round, October 2014) and child restraint use increased from 20.9% to 54.1% during the same period. In Ivanovskaya, restraint use by all occupants increased from 48% (baseline, April 2012) to 88.7% (final round, October 2014) and child restraint use increased from 20.6% to 89.4% during the same period. In Lipetskaya, the overall prevalence of speeding (vehicles driving above speed limit) declined from 47.0% (baseline, July 2011) to 30.4% (final round, October 2014) and a similar pattern was observed in Ivanovskaya where the prevalence of speeding decreased from 54.6% (baseline, March 2012) to 46.6% (final round, October 2014). Through 2010-2014, the road traffic crash and injury rates per 100,000 population decreased in Lipetskaya oblast (191.5 and 246.9 in 2010 and 170.4 and 208.6 in 2014, respectively) and slightly increased in Ivanovskaya oblast (184.4 and 236.0 in 2010 and 186.7 and 243.4 in 2014, respectively). These road safety improvements are associated with the program that enabled a combined focus on policy reform, legislation, enforcement, advocacy, education, and data collection and use. However, the existence of other road safety efforts, lack of data from comparable regions, and unavailability of risk factor-specific data make it difficult to attribute these changes to the program.

possibility possibility possibility devising it;Since the early 1970s the N. D. Kuznetsova Samara Scientific and Technical Complex Joint-Stock Company (N. D. Kuznetsova STNK AO) has been developing aircraft-type gas turbine engines (GTE) for the gas industry. Already in the late 1960s Academician N. D. Kuznetsov suggested that aircraft GTEs, after the end of their service life in aircraft, be used in various kinds of power installations on the ground on condition that the working temperature of the gases ahead of the turbine (the basic parameter determining the reliability and life of GTEs) be 150-200~ lower than in aircraft. This makes it possible to extend the life of engines on the ground by ten thousands of hours. It was found, moreover, that engines designed for work on the ground can use up to 70% of the parts and assemblies of aircraft engines, and that greatly reduces labor requirements and production costs of these engines. On the order of the Ministry of the Gas Industry the first gas-turbine engine (NK-12ST) was designed on the basis of the NK-12S turboprop aircraft engine used in the Tu-95, Tu-ll4, An-22 Antei aircraft, and it has been in operation since the end of 1974 in GPA-Ts-6,3 gas-pumping planm (GPP). At present these engines operate in 117 compressor stations in 852 GPPs. Most of the NK-12ST engines operated for about 600,000 h without repair.During the stages of design and operation of these engines the main postulates concerning the conversion of aircraft engines into various GTEs for the economy were formulated: high level of thermodynamic and gas-dynamic parameters; high technical level of design, enduring the building of GTE with large power, great reliability, and long life, and with small weight and overall dimensions of the assemblies; high level of production technology ensuring stability and good quality of production with high coefficient of metal utilization, lowering of metal content, reduced laboriousness, and production costs of the engines; possibility of using aircraft engines as gas generators of GTEs after they had been modified under test and operating conditions in aircraft; possibility of transporting them by helicopter to badly accessible regions, modular design; simplicity of operation of GTEs and no need of change of the external operating conditions; short time of starting and of attaining the nominal regime at low temperatures of the environment; of rapid assembly and start of the engine; of unification of engines for different purposes; of independent laboratory tests of separate assemblies of the engine so as to reduce time and costs of possibility of high-quality repair of engines under shop conditions. The conversion of aircraft engines into gas-turbine" installations for driving boosters of GPPs of electric power generators was carried out with a view to the following requirements: to ensure maximal possible efficiency of the power plant; trouble-free operation and longer life than in the basic engine; maximal ease of operation at gas-pumping stations and in pow...

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