This survey was designed to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and Salmonella Typhi among febrile HIV/AIDS patients in Ekpoma. Malaria and typhoid risk factors in Ekpoma included occupation, poor health facilities and poor sanitation. Malaria and typhoid are highly prevalent among Ekpoma HIV/AIDS patients.

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Background: Human Rabies is mainly infected through the dog bites in Sri Lanka. Mass vaccination against rabies and surgical sterilization are new strategies implemented for control of rabies in stray dogs after 2006 instead of mass culling. WHO recommends 70% vaccination coverage for eradication of rabies in dog population. Objectives were to survey stray dog population in Municipality, Dehiwala area (21 km 2 ) and to assess the effect of two consecutive mass vaccination of them against rabies.Methods & Materials: 8 wards out of 29 wards were selected randomly as samples for surveillance. Counting was carried out five days between 6.30 am. and 9 am. in 8 wards.Road maps of the respective wards were utilized to identify the boundaries and to cover the entire roads of the respective ward. Dogs visible on the road at the time of counting were only considered. After completion of surveillance, vaccination was carried out ward by ward in a sequence to cover the entire 29 wards from October 2013 to March 2014 and from October 2014 to March 2015 for 1 st and 2 nd round vaccination respectively. Red and blue collars were used for identification of vaccinated dogs for 1 st and 2 nd round respectively. Dogs were caught with the aid of catching nets. After subcutaneous administration of vaccine (Rabisin ® ) dogs were released to same locality .Results: Estimated stray dog population is 1398 (CI±386). First and second round vaccination coverages were 97% (1364) and 88% (1231) respectively. 17 rabid dogs were reported in 2013. After vaccination commenced, the prevalence of rabid dogs in 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd quarters of 2014 was zero. 2 positive cases were reported only for 4 th quarter of 2014. Positive rabid cases were not reported up to 3 rd quarter of 2015.

Nosocomial infections or Health Care prolonged hospital stay and has been implicated in increase in socio-economic disturbance, long term disability, and increased mortality rate. There is paucity information on the burden of HCAIs because of poorly developed surveillance systems and inexistent control methods. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of nosocomial infection due to prolonged hospital stay in selected tertiary hospitals of Kano metropolis. Retrospective data  were collected from three hospitals with a total number of admitted patients and the number of prolonged hospital stays during the month of study. A total of 401 clinical samples collected from patients admitted for ≥14 days and the age of ≥18 years from all study sites. Examples include wound swabs, urine samples, urine catheters, and nasal intubation. All the samples were processed by the standard bacteriological laboratory procedure of the Clinical laboratory standard institute. The results showed that the percentage of prolonged hospital stay in Kano 40.34%, Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital (MMSH) 50.54% with the least at Muhammad Abdullahi Wase Specialist (MAWSH) 28.91%. Age served as significant factors for acquired HCAIs; participants aged were 41- 70 years have a higher prevalence of nosocomial infections. From 138 positive isolates observed, Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital (MMSH) has height nosocomial infection of 41.4%, with the least Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH) has 29%. Among the Site of infection, 34.8% isolates were wounds Swabs (SSIs), urine (UTI) 31.2%, an least was nasal intubation 11.6%. Among pathogens isolated E. coli is the most prominent organism with 26.1% and the least Streptococcus pyogenes (7.9%). This study showed that the prevalence of Prolong hospital stay in Kano was 40.34%, AKTH 39.53% and MAWSH 28.91%. The prevalence of nosocomial infection was 34.3%. Gram-negative  bacteria were the predominant isolates.