The effects of different concentrations of vinylene carbonate (VC) and vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC) (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, and 6% by weight) in LiCoO 2 /graphite pouch cells in 1M LiPF 6 ethylene carbonate (EC) : ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) (3:7 w:w) electrolyte have been studied using high precision coulometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements (EIS) on symmetric cells. High precision coulometry showed that when cells were formed at 40 • C, VC improves the cycling behavior by reducing the rate of the parasitic reactions at the positive electrode and improving the coulombic efficiency, whereas VEC does not affect the cycling behavior (compared to control). EIS measurements on symmetric cells showed that while VC affects the positive electrode for all concentrations studied and the negative electrode at concentrations higher than 1%, VEC does not affect the negative electrode for all concentrations studied and affects the positive electrode at concentrations higher than 2%.

The affinity for water of a kaolinite-type clay (kaolin) and a montmorillonite-type clay (bentonite), saturated with hydrogen, calcium, sodium, and potassium, was studied by three methods, namely, heat of wetting as determined by calorimetric measurements, sorption of water from the vapor phase by weighing, and desorption or removal of water by differential-thermal analysis. It was shown that hydrogen and calcium clays had a greater affinity for water than sodium and potassium clays. Although the bentonite evolved more heat and sorbed more water per gram of clay, it evolved less heat and sorbed less water per milliequivalent of exchangeable cation than did the kaolin; the differences in the effects of various cations were more pronounced in bentonite than in kaolin. The results may be explained as follows from considerations of the mineral structures: (1) A greater amount of water hydrates the surface of kaolinite in proportion to that hydrating the exchangeable cations than is the case in montmorillonite and (2) the exchangeable cations may be hydrated to a greater degree (i.e., less strongly held) on kaolinite than on montmorillonite.

Clays are used in the ceramics industries largely because of their contribution to the moulding and drying properties of the wares being produced; many clays, such as the flint clays, are used because of favorable behavior during firing or because they produce favorable properties in fired ware. To assure the most effective use of a clay, the ceramic technologist must meet problems of purification, aging, bacterial action, and the improvement of the working properties of clays and bodies through additions of non-plastic materials or chemicals. He deals with flocculation and deflocculation, thixotropy, and related phenomena in casting slips. Control of drying behavior is important. Finally, the ceramist is concerned with the influence of the clay content of ceramic bodies on their behavior during firing.

Measurements of electrical resistance in the composition systems M2O3-SiO2, Si02-TiOz, A1203-Crz03, and MgO-NiO were made using, in general, dry-pressed disks about 3 cm. in diameter and 0.4 cm. thick and fired to 2500°C. In the Al2O3-Si02 series minimum resistance was shown by the samples containing 50% SiO2, 50% Al2O3. The resistance of A1203 was increased by the addition of small amounts of Cr203. The same effect was observed in the higher temperature range with small additions of NiO to MgO. In other instances the addition of the relatively inert SiO,, A1203, and MgO to the semiconductors TiOz, Cr203, and NiO resulted in a dilution effect. The resistance of Cr203 was decreased by the addition of a slight amount of MgO.

37CRZA, indicated that the hot-load strengths of both compositions were superior t o those of commercial grades of basic refractories. The CCA brick sheared at 1670°C., whereas the CRZAbrick sheared a t 154OOC.ber of melts to which the other refractory linings were exposed before failure occurred.(9) The high resistance of the two laboratory refractory compositions, CCA and CRZA, to basic open-(8) The lift: tests on separate linings of brick in the hearth-slag attack, together with their good Ibadbearing properties and expansion characteristics, indicate favorable possibilities for use in basic open-hearth furnaces. The CCA refractory might replace the silica brick crowns used in most basic open-hearth furnaces. small Detroit rocking furnace against the corrosive action of molten rock phosphate showed that the two modified Iaboratory compositions, ccA and cRZA, were superior to those of the commercial superduty fire-TENNESSED VALLEY AUTHORITY clay brick and of the chrome-magnesia brick l&ings. The CCA lining withstood three to five times the num-WILSON DAM, ALABAMA ABSTRACTThe plastic working properties of a number of clays and bodies were measured with a modified Endell body tester. The apparatus shows that various bodies may be adjusted to a similar consistency for a given molding process but differ in their tendency to crack on being deformed. It is possible to determine the extent to which plastic properties are affected by differences in raw materials, methods of body preparation, water content, aging, and deairing.