No abstract

In this report, we quantify the potential size and impact of the green power market in the United States, and identify features of the market that will most affect its ultimate growth trajectory. Our analysis does not cover the market for customer-sited distributed generation technologies, though it is arguably part of the green power market and there is a considerable amount of excitement surrounding its prospects. A discussion of some of the barriers to the growth of distributed power markets can be found in Alderfer, et al. (2000). We do this through a 10-year forecast of market development under both low-and high-growth scenarios. In addition, we present four scenarios structured to gauge the sensitivity of our low-and high-growth forecasts to assumptions about green power product content, market penetration, and the fallout from the recent California power crisis. We base all forecasts on a detailed model of national green power demand that we developed specifically for this purpose. Our analysis emphasizes the impacts of green power demand on renewable energy development and air pollutant emissions.

No abstract

Various factors influence the development of the voluntary 'green' power market-the market in which consumers purchase or produce power from non-polluting, renewable energy sources. These factors include climate policies, renewable portfolio standards (RPS), renewable energy prices, consumers' interest in purchasing green power, and utilities' interest in promoting existing programs and in offering new green options. This report presents estimates of voluntary market demand for green power through 2015 that were made using historical data and three scenarios: low-growth, high-growth, and negative-policy impacts. The resulting forecast projects the total voluntary demand for renewable energy in 2015 to range from 63 million MWh annually in the low case scenario to 157 million MWh annually in the high case scenario, representing an approximately 2.5-fold difference. The negative-policy impacts scenario reflects a market size of 24 million MWh. Several key uncertainties affect the results of this forecast, including uncertainties related to growth assumptions, the impacts that policy may have on the market, the price and competitiveness of renewable generation, and the level of interest that utilities have in offering and promoting green power products.

Light solvent naphtha derived from coal tar and crudo xylole fractions when passed over various contact materials in a silica tube at temperatures above 700°, yield liquid products containing toluene. The effect of different catalysts was compared and the best production of toluene, equal to over 38% of raw material consumed, was reached when the cracking was carried out in hydrogen over silver gauze at 750°. Details are given of selected experiments done at atmospheric pressure.