The paper examines the breadth and quality of formative assessment implementation of 202 mathematics and science teachers who participated in a two-year, school-based professional development programme that focused on formative assessment. Results are triangulated using three sources of data: baseline and end-of-Year 2 data from an annual survey, logs that were completed daily at six two-week time points and reflections on formative assessment techniques that the teachers wrote weekly during the log collection periods. The data indicate that while teachers made significant improvements in some areas, certain aspects of formative assessment are less emphasised and there are some patterns around quality of implementation that suggest more targeted professional development is warranted.

The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) describes language proficiency in reading, writing, speaking, and listening on a 6-level scale. In this study, English-language experts from across Europe linked CEFR levels to scores on three tests: the TOEFL ® iBT test, the TOEIC ® assessment, and the TOEIC Bridge™ test. Standard-setting methodology (a modified Angoff approach and a modified examinee paper selection approach) was used to construct the linkages. Linkages were established for TOEFL iBT at levels B1, B2, and C1.Linkages were established for TOEIC at levels A1 through C1, with the exception of Reading at the C1 level. The TOEIC Bridge test was linked to its three targeted levels of the CEFR. The report details the methods, procedures, and results of the study. ETS administers the TOEFL program under the general direction of a policy board that was established by, and is affiliated with, the sponsoring organizations. Members of the TOEFL Board (previously the Policy Council) represent the College Board, the GRE Board, and such institutions and agencies as graduate schools of business, two-year colleges, and nonprofit educational exchange agencies.Since its inception in 1963, the TOEFL has evolved from a paper-based test to a computer-based test and, in 2005, to an Internet-based test, TOEFL iBT. One constant throughout this evolution has been a continuing program of research related to the TOEFL test. From 1977 to 2005, nearly 100 research and technical reports on the early versions of TOEFL were published. In 1997, a monograph series that laid the groundwork for the development of TOEFL iBT was launched. With the release of TOEFL iBT, a TOEFL iBT report series has been introduced.Currently this research is carried out in consultation with the TOEFL Committee of Examiners. Its members include representatives of the TOEFL Board and distinguished English as a second language specialists from the academic community. The Committee advises the TOEFL program about research needs and, through the research subcommittee, solicits, reviews, and approves proposals for funding and reports for publication. Members of the Committee of Examiners serve four-year terms at the invitation of the Board; the chair of the committee serves on the Board. Current (2007Current ( -2008 members of the TOEFL Committee of Examiners are:

The Common European Framework describes language proficiency in reading, writing, speaking, and listening on a six‐level scale. The Framework provides a common language with which to discuss students' progress. This report describes a study conducted with two panels of English language experts to map scores from four tests that collectively assess Reading, Writing, Speaking, and Listening on to two levels of the Framework. Panel 1 recommended cut scores for the Test of English as a Foreign Language™ (TOEFL®), the Test of Spoken English™ (TSE®), and the Test of Written English™ (TWE®). Panel 2 recommended cut scores for The Test of English for International Communication™ (TOEIC®). A modification of the Angoff (1971) standard‐setting approach was used for multiple‐choice questions, and a benchmark method (Faggen, 1994) or examinee paper selection method (Hambleton, Jaeger, Plake, & Mills, 2000) was used for constructed‐response questions.

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