Background: Diabetes mellitus are a group of disorders as a result of reduced insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and increased glucose production and many more unknown etiologies. As compared to diabetic non-obese, diabetic obese individuals have an increased chance of 13.5 % in developing diabetic complications. Many diabetic patients are found to be vitamin-D deficient and its role in insulin regulation is being studied in many studies. Thus, diabetic complications and vitamin-D deficiency are likely to be developed in obese diabetic females.Methods: Type-2 diabetic females from 30 years to 60 years, attending in medicine as out-patient and female type-2 diabetes patients admitted in medical ward of RRMCH were assessed clinically. Parameters such as anthropometric measurements, weight, height, waist-hip ratio, tested for serum levels vitamin-D including other relevant investigations related to diabetes were done. Totally, 156 patients were assessed.Results: Assessment of 156 patients are as follows, 48.47±9.56years was the mean age of this study group. SD: 5.10±4.36 years is the mean diabetic duration of this study population. 0.98 was the mean waist-hip ratio. 98.93 cm was the mean waist circumference. 24.97 was the mean BMI. Mean fasting blood sugar (FBS) and post-prandial glucose test (PPBS) were: 202.73 mg/dl, 280.99 mg/dl respectively, 9.33% was the mean HbA1C. Majority of the females with type-2 diabetes (92.5%) had low levels of serum vitamin-D. 16.19 ng/ml was the mean serum vitamin-D levels. lower levels of serum vitamin-D were significantly associated with diabetic duration (p=0.082+), poor glycaemic control (p<0.001**) and increased BMI (p=0.011*).Conclusions: Majority of the females with type-2 diabetes mellitus were with waist-hip ratio more than 0.8 and Waist circumference more than 80 cm. Most of the study population had poor diabetic control. Lower levels of serum vitamin-D were found in almost all females with type-2 diabetes mellitus (92.5 %) and the most likely risk factor being obesity and poor glycaemic control as a conclusion of this study.

Background: Acute exacerbation a prominent feature of COPD, is a major entity altering the course of the disease. These exacerbations are by complex interactions between host, bacteria, viruses and environment. Many studies done earlier indicate bacteria being the major cause of these exacerbations. This study is hence done to determine the bacteriological profile, haematological profile severity and grade clinical signs and symptoms based of ‘Gold’ criteria.Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study, done on a total of 80 cases for a period of 18 months on patients admitted to Sathya Sai medical college with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cases of acute exacerbation of COPD satisfying the eligibility criteria were included in the study. Clinical and microbiological parameters were noted with special preference to sputum culture and spirometry.Results: Bacteria was not present in 46 (57.5%) of the study population. Klebsiella pneumoniae was present in 12 cases (15.0%), pseudomonas aeruginosa in 6 (7.5%), staphylococcus aureus in 6 (7.5%), streptococcus pneumoniae in 5 (6.2%) and actinobacter in 5 (6.2%). 34 cases were sensitive to antibiotics (52.5%). Majority being sensitive to ceftriaxone, piperacillin and levofloxacillin.  43 cases belonged to ‘Gold’ criteria on spirometry. Hyper inflated lung, tubular heart was present in 39 (48.8%) cases. With normal chest X-ray findings in the rest.Conclusions: Bacteria causing exacerbations is different in India as compared to other studies from different countries. Klebsiella pneumonia being most common organism followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus pneumoniae and actinobacter. AECOPD patients with bacteria showed sensitivity to ceftriaxone, piperacillin and levofloxacillin. Hence, these etiology with sensitivity pattern should be kept in mind for starting a patient on empirical antibiotic therapy.