Recently, three-dimensional design and computerized numeric control shaping technology have been applied to most freeform buildings, and materials like iron, timber, expanded polystyrene, and textiles have been used in formwork. However, these techniques have been found to incur costs at least 10 times the budgeted amounts, in most cases because the forms or moulds used to produce free-form concrete segments were used only once and could not be recycled, and it took a lot of time and workers to produce them, resulting in reduced productivity and increased construction cost and time. To solve these problems, this study investigates the status of free-form concrete buildings and suggests directions for future technology development. Following these suggestions would enable manageable construction cost and time in the future design of free-form buildings.

During the French colonial period in Lao PDR (from 1893-1953), France integrated its architectural elements into traditional Lao architecture and modified them to suit the climate. The French colonial style continues to make a modest impact in most major towns and cities. The harmonious combination of traditional Lao architecture and French colonial influences shows the true values and wealth of a city's characteristics. These unique architectural styles and motifs are valuable to the area's heritage; many of these styles are still conserved today, especially in Luang Prabang, which was designated as a World Heritage city in 1995. Some historical buildings have been adapted according to social and economic factors. However, as elsewhere in Indochinese countries, the provincial French design was modified to suit the hot and humid tropical climate. The design of colonial villas, in turn, began to influence subtle changes in the design of Lao urban dwellings. This paper discusses the development of traditional Lao architectural styles that have been experienced in Lao PDR, analyzes the process of change, emphasizes the importance of compatibility between traditional house form and the French colonial house, and studies the factors influencing the transformations of traditional housing.

To understand dynamic group interactions and interject appropriately. Challenge #2To provide a clear and detailed description.

No abstract

Lao vernacular dwellings are a product of the integration between natural environments and the socio-cultural features of various ethnic groups. The integration of Lao vernacular dwellings with nature was appropriate and was based on the ancestor's knowledge of the best methods of achieving a comfortable life in a hot-humid climate within a rich natural environment. Lao vernacular dwellings addressed the needs of the inhabitants, as well as their beliefs, culture, and lifestyle while responding to the local environment. The population of Lao PDR is ethnically diverse and inhabited by 49 tribes which are classified into three different main ethnic groups: lowland Lao (Lao lum), upland Lao (Lao theung), and highland Lao (Lao sung), (Figure 1.). Lowland Lao (Lao lum) is divided into 8 tribes: