The paper reviews a number of ethnographic studies of students in U.S. secondary schools to help understand the causes of a range of student behaviors from minor noncompliance to lethal violence. Based on these studies, as well personal experience, the authors suggest that educators and educational researchers approach and understand student perspectives on school life. Such perspectives often reveal the logic of noncompliance, and show that aspects of school structure and practice can exacerbate or contribute to violence. Student non-compliance and alienation can escalate into violence if the student view is not regularly consulted in schools.

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BACKGROUND Despite broad public support and legislative activity, policies intended to promote physical activity in schools have not produced positive outcomes in levels of physical activity or student health. What explains the broad failure of Physical Activity Policies (PAPs)? Thus far, PAP research has used limited quantitative methods to assess PAP outcomes. New paradigms of qualitative policy implementation research can make important contributions to explaining the causes of policy failure and to the future design of more efficacious PAP legislation. METHODS This analysis is a case study of South Carolina’s 2005 Student Health and Fitness Act (SHFA). Written documents, investigators’ observation and experience, and an interview with a key stakeholder were analyzed to for themes based on theoretical frameworks from education implementation research including: (1) bottom-up and top-down perspectives; (2) conceptualizing policy as practice; and (3) the implementer as learner. RESULTS “Weak policy signals” in SHFA undermined the implementation of PAP in three problematic areas: inadequate capacity development for implementers; inappropriate measures of implementation; and insufficient funding. CONCLUSIONS These findings illustrate the contributions of qualitative research and establish the need for further qualitative research into PAP implementation processes. To ensure successful future physical activity policies, policymakers and stakeholders need to consider implementation, evaluation and funding from the beginning phases of policy development.

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