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Drainage is the most important component of the soil moisture balance equation for the soils and geographical area for which this study is carried out. An accurate estimate of the rate of water removed from a soil profile by deep percolation and seepage to subsurface drains or water reservoirs forma an essential part of a soil water balance equation especially in temperate and humid regions where evaporation is not the most influential factor. Consequently, deep tillage techniques will accomplished a sensible soil character improvements. Soil science technology and agricultural engineering were applied many methods to improve soil surface layers and their structures. Normal and deep tillage or sub-soiling were usually beneficial in conserving moisture in the sequence soil layers.An empirical drainage equation was developed to predict declination of soil moisture movement after applying sub-soiling system before traditional tillage. Even this procedure improvement clay and heavy clay soils by improving their properties and porosity, increase wheat crop yield in both soils by 9-10%.For various soil types (Clay ration (Cr)=: 0.12 sandy, 0.28 sandy loam, 0.43 silty loam, 0.86 clay, 1.66 heavy clay soil), Elbanna (1993) drainage equation was simplified validated to predict water flux, mm/day, as exponential function of soil moisture content mm at previous day to profile with high explanation coefficient..

The objectives of the study were to test the effect of two methods of applying nitrogen fertilizer (fertigation and broadcasting), two irrigation levels and two irrigation systems surface and subsurface drip on summer squash production in the sandy soils The main results of the study could be summarized as follow:-• Applying the nitrogen fertilizers through two irrigation methods (surface and subsurface drip irrigation) was more efficiency than broadcasting fertilizers. • There are a slightly increase in crop growth, fresh yield, and both of water and nitrogen use efficiency in subsurface drip more than in surface drip. • Subsurface drip irrigation has the best water distribution in the soil. • The highest value of fertilizer use efficiency (35.60 kg) yield/kg nitrogen was obtained with treatment I2L2F2.

An experiment was conducted for identifying the most efficient tillage method using the sub-soiling plough for enhancing some of physical properties of the heavy clayey soils. The experiment was conducted on a heavy clayey soil of an area 1800 m² located in Serewa village -Belqas -Daqahlia. This area divided into 4 adjacent plots, each one has a dimensions of (9m x50m) and was allocated only, for one treatment. The surface irrigation was the system applied and the amount of irrigation water added was equal for each plot (22.5m³) and was applied at the same time for all plots. Furthermore, an accounting for the rate of water flux in mm/day beneath soil profile along subsequent ten days from saturation was the last objective of this research. Only, four treatments were involved in this research as (Treat.1): subsoiling plough at 40cm depth with a lateral spacing of 150cm, (T2): sub-soiling plough at 60cm depth with a lateral spacing of 150cm, (T3): sub-soiling plough at 40cm depth with a lateral spacing of 300cm and (T4): sub-soiling plough at 60cm with a lateral spacing of 300cm. For all plots, the sub-soiling plough was followed by chisel plough at 20cm depth and laser-controlled leveller at the dead level. All the data obtained clearly indicated that, the second treatment (T2) achieved the highest mean value of soil infiltration rate (2.2 mm/h) over all treatments and the lowest mean values for the cone penetration resistance, water content and bulk density at the surface layer of soil profile after tillage (2.41 M.Pa), (17.74 % w/w) and (1.17 g/cm³), respectively. Whereas, at saturation, it achieved the highest mean value of the water content (62.78 %w/w) and the lowest mean value of penetration resistance (.01 M.Pa). On the other hand, the mean value of the water content rested in the soil of the second treatment at the tenth day from saturation was (24.68 %w/w), producing the highest water flux (4.29 mm/day). Also, the second treatment achieved the shortest period of time needed until all amount of the deluge imposed on the soil surface after irrigation be completely infiltrated (20 h.).

There are numerous types and sizes of air seeders and planters, some of the designs and concepts used for vacuum air are recognized. Planting using vacuum air systems faces multiple problems. One of the most important is optimum vacuum pressure through delivery air tube from outlet gate of vacuum pump to grain picking orifices at circumference of feeding disc. From this standpoint this research aims to identify the lowest vacuum levels that recognized best captures of corn grains. To perform this study, a similar model of six rows vacuum planter with six delivery tube lines different in length was constructed in Farm Machinery Laboratory Research (Ismail, 2004) as part of outcomes from a project financed by Researching Unit of Mansoura University. The response surface program of Minitab 17 was used to identify relationship between vacuum pressure (kPa) and each of blower speed (FnS, rpm), vacuum measuring location far from outlet of blower orifice "LVT" and three different of air delivery tube length "TL". The maximum vacuum pressure (4.19 kPa) was recorded at blower speed of 657.6 rpm at distance from the blower outlet orifice "LVT" of 0.27m. Also, it can be stated that, increasing the "LVT" distance from the blower outlet orifice, or decreasing the "FnS" speed lead to demolish the "VPm" values. Moreover, the effect of height of "FnS" parameter was more than that the effect of "LVT" parameter. Also by increasing the location of measuring points far from outlet blower the "VPm" decreased under all different variables. The decreasing rates were found about 0.75; 0.77 and 0.68 times as increasing "LVT" from 0.14-1.5m; from 0.28-2.0m and from 0.27 to 3.0m respectively at blower speed of 310.4rpm.