No abstract

The effects of different types of mole drains on some clay soil properties and wheat yield were tested in this study. The experimental studies were conducted in heavy clay soil. Moles were composed of 3 different materials; compost, sand and mixture of compost with sand (1:1). Two depths of moles (0.3 and 0.5 m) and three distances among moles (10, 15 and 20 m) were investigated in this work. The results indicated that:-The Piezometric head increases as the distance among moles increases and vice versa. At each mole spacing, the Piezometric head decreases as the time advances after irrigations. However, the 10 m mole spacing achieved the best significant results over the 15 and 20 m spacing.-The highest yield (2737 kg/fed) was obtained by using compost, 10 m distance among moles and 0.5 m moles' depth.-Decreasing distance among moles, increases yield, penetration resistance (PR), hydraulic conductivity (Kh) and infiltration rate.-Increasing mole depth, increases yield, (Kh) and infiltration rate while decreases (PR).

The objectives of the study were to test the effect of two methods of applying nitrogen fertilizer (fertigation and broadcasting), two irrigation levels and two irrigation systems surface and subsurface drip on summer squash production in the sandy soils The main results of the study could be summarized as follow:-• Applying the nitrogen fertilizers through two irrigation methods (surface and subsurface drip irrigation) was more efficiency than broadcasting fertilizers. • There are a slightly increase in crop growth, fresh yield, and both of water and nitrogen use efficiency in subsurface drip more than in surface drip. • Subsurface drip irrigation has the best water distribution in the soil. • The highest value of fertilizer use efficiency (35.60 kg) yield/kg nitrogen was obtained with treatment I2L2F2.

Droplet size data from the sprinkler (R.C. 160-S) fitted with nozzles shapes square, rectangle, triangle and circle were studded in this work. A total 48 indoor tests were conducted. The pressure range was between 138 kPa (20psi) and 241.5 kPa (35psi) at 34.5 kPa (5 psi). Droplet size diameters were measured using the immersion method and Image Pro software. Nozzle pressure and shape had a major influence on droplet size. Higher pressure promoted smaller droplets over the entire application profile especially near the perimeter. Generally, the mean droplet sizes was larger for noncircular nozzles at a given distance from the sprinkler, but circular nozzle produced the largest droplet size at the outer perimeter of the pattern, that's because of long throw of circular nozzle than noncircular.

Sprinklers with circular and noncircular nozzles were tested to determine the water application patterns. Circular nozzles usually produced greater wetted radii than noncircular nozzles. Noncircular nozzles have the advantages of providing an acceptable water application pattern over the entire precipitation profile at low operating pressure. Noncircular nozzles (square, rectangular and triangular) were compared to circular nozzle for water application profiles with 100% overlapping. The over irrigation percentage was higher for circular nozzle than all shapes of noncircular nozzles.