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Concentrations of eight different cytokines and the level of expression of CD86 and CD163 macrophages were studied in peritoneal fluid in women with endometriosis. It was found that the concentration of both inflammatory (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4) as well as the level of macrophage expression of the proinflammatory marker CD86 and anti-inflammatory marker CD163 increased in women with mild external genital endometriosis (1-2 stage), and did not differ from the control group in women with severe endometriosis (3-4 stage). The content of IL-2, IL-10, CM-CSF and IFN-γ in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis did not differ significantly from the control group. The results of the study indicate that the development of external genital endometriosis may be based on insufficient both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory activity of macrophages in the peritoneal fluid.

Loss of medical control over infections that were previously considered harmless or easy managed in most patients can be considered a challenge for the modern medicine. Along with the intensification of pathogenic properties, opportunistic pathogens acquire resistance factors to antimicrobial agents - antibiotics. At the same time, the prevalence of pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) accounts for about 50 to 65% among women of childbearing age and has no tendency to decline. On top of that, non-specific chronic diseases of the genital tract are more common than infections caused by absolute pathogens. Ineffective therapy of acute forms of the disease leads to the emergence of resistant forms of pathogens, recurrence of the disease and chronic inflammation. The development of secondary immunodeficiency characterized by improper cellular and humoral immune functions plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases of the urogenital tract. That is why the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases of the genital tract should be complex and include etiotropic chemotherapeutic agents aimed at eliminating the pathogens, and the immunomodulating agents aimed at normalizing the functional activity of the patient’s immune system.

Cell cultures isolated from human endometrium by enzyme digestion consisted of highly viable fibroblast-like mesenchymal cells expressing CD90, CD73, and CD105. During passage 1, the cultures contained a small fraction of cytokeratin-7(+) epithelial cells that disappeared by passage 2. The cultures from the endometrium could be induced to adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation in vitro. These findings suggest that human endometrium is a convenient source of biomaterial for minimally invasive isolation of cultures that exhibit typical morphology and immunophenotypic profile of resident multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells retain high viability in vitro.