Lack of differentiation in Africa is most likely due to postintroduction hybridization between bitter and sweet manioc. Inconsistent transfer from South America to Africa of ethnobotanical knowledge surrounding use-category management may contribute to increased hybridization in Africa. Investigating this issue requires more data on the variation in cyanogenesis in roots within and among manioc populations and how manioc diversity is managed on the farm.
The Role of Organic Acids in the Domestication of Oxalis tuberosa: A New Model for Studying Domestication Resulting in Opposing Crop Phenotypes. Though few crops display directly opposing domesticated phenotypes, these crops may be the key to understanding domestication processes that address conflicting selective pressures in the agricultural ecosystem. Two relatively well-known examples are cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), which has high-cyanide and low-cyanide varieties, and potato (Solanum section Petota). Among the potatoes are several species, including the common potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), that have low levels of glycoalkaloids and there are other species of "bitter potato" with elevated levels of glycoalkaloids. We propose that Oxalis tuberosa Molina, "oca," may represent a third example of such a crop system, with opposing high organic acid and low organic acid cultivars. Each cultivar set has different cultural food preparation practices ("use-categories"), similar to the "use-categories" that have been described for potatoes in the Andes (Brush et al. 1981;Zimmerer 1991). Our initial analyses suggest that organic acids in tubers may be an important biochemical difference between use-categories, based on both oxalic acid and pH data. Here, we review our understanding of organic acids in oca tubers, while highlighting areas that merit further investigation.Los ácidos orgánicos y la domesticación de Oxalis tuberosa: un nuevo modelo para el estudio de la domesticación que resulta en los fenotipos domésticos opuestos. Aunque pocos cultivos presentan fenotipos domésticos directamente opuestos , estos cultivos pueden ser la clave para entender los procesos de domesticación que muestran conflicto en la presión selectiva en el ecosistema agrícola. Dos ejemplos relativamente bien conocidos son la yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), que tiene variedades de alto y bajo contenido de cianuro, y la papa (Solanum sección Petota). Entre las papas hay varias especies, incluyendo la papa común (Solanum tuberosum L.), que tienen bajos niveles de glicoalcaloides mientras otras especies como las "papas amargas", tienen elevados niveles de glicoalcaloides. Nosotros proponemos que Oxalis tuberosa Molina, oca, puede representar un tercer ejemplo de este sistema de cultivo, con niveles altos y bajos de ácidos orgánicos. Cada grupo de variedades de oca tiene diferentes practicas culturales respecto a su preparación como alimentos (categorías de uso), similar a las categorías de uso que se han descrito para las papas en los Andes (Brush et al. 1981;Zimmerer 1991). Los análisis iniciales sugieren que los ácidos orgánicos en los tubérculos pueden deberse a una diferencia bioquímica importante entre el uso de categorías basadas en el ácido oxálico y los datos de pH. En este artículo examinamos nuestra interpretación de los ácidos orgánicos en los tubérculos de oca, además de destacar las áreas que merecen mayor investigación.
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