Relevance: Cervical cancer is a socially significant disease in the development of which the human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a central role. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted virus, affecting 80% of sexually active men and women by age 45. Since 2017, the World Health Organization has recommended that all countries implement HPV vaccination programs to reduce and eliminate сervical cancer.The study aimed to examine the role of HPV vaccination in eliminating сervical cancer over the past decade. Methods: The literature search was done in the PUBMED, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases for the last ten years using the keywords "cervical cancer", "vaccination", and "human papillomavirus". The review included the results of randomized studies and meta-analyses. Results:The literature provides evidence of the effectiveness and safety of HPV vaccination in countries that have introduced HPV vaccine immunization. The compelling evidence for the effectiveness of HPV vaccination in preventing HPV urges to move from control to elimination of HPV-related diseases.Conclusion: Сervical cancer is the only cancer that can be prevented by vaccination. The development of HPV vaccines and the introduction of HPV immunization into national vaccination schedules helped many countries reduce HPV prevalence and thus reduce HPV incidence.

Relevance: Currently, in the world, including Kazakhstan, the increasing number of new cervical cancer cases among women of reproductive age is a socio-demographic problem. The increase in cervical cancer incidence among young women, the high prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among young sexually active women, the lack of screening programs for the early detection of cervical cancer in young women, the need to take urgent measures to increase awareness of young women about risk factors for cervical cancer and methods of prevention and determined the relevance of this study. The study aimed to estimate the awareness, identify risk factors for cervical cancer, and assess the state of reproductive health of young women of Almaty by questioning. Methods: The article presents an analytical study of the intermediate results of a survey of young women aged 18 to 32 years and living in Almaty. Participants received full information on the upcoming survey. The questionnaire collected information on socio-demographic data, awareness of cervical cancer prevention, and women’s gynecological history. The questionnaire contained 30 questions in total and took 10 minutes to complete. Results: Among young women in Almaty, low awareness of primary and secondary prevention of cervical cancer was revealed in all age groups. The most common risk factors for cervical cancer among young women in Almaty were an early onset of sexual activity, smoking, and hormonal contraceptive uptake. Conclusion: The survey showed the problem of low awareness of girls about cervical cancer and the risk factors for developing cervical cancer. Based on these data, we can state the need for educational work on these issues among young people.

Relevance: Currently, in the world, including Kazakhstan, the increasing number of new cervical cancer cases among women of reproductive age is a socio-demographic problem. The increase in cervical cancer incidence among young women, the high prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among young sexually active women, the lack of screening programs for the early detection of cervical cancer in young women, the need to take urgent measures to increase awareness of young women about risk factors for cervical cancer and methods of prevention and determined the relevance of this study. The study aimed to estimate the awareness, identify risk factors for cervical cancer, and assess the state of reproductive health of young women of Almaty by questioning. Methods: The article presents an analytical study of the intermediate results of a survey of young women aged 18 to 32 years and living in Almaty. Participants received full information on the upcoming survey. The questionnaire collected information on socio-demographic data, awareness of cervical cancer prevention, and women’s gynecological history. The questionnaire contained 30 questions in total and took 10 minutes to complete. Results: Among young women in Almaty, low awareness of primary and secondary prevention of cervical cancer was revealed in all age groups. The most common risk factors for cervical cancer among young women in Almaty were an early onset of sexual activity, smoking, and hormonal contraceptive uptake. Conclusion: The survey showed the problem of low awareness of girls about cervical cancer and the risk factors for developing cervical cancer. Based on these data, we can state the need for educational work on these issues among young people.

Relevance: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted virus in sexually active men and women. The direct and proven relationship between HPV infection and cervical cancer development HPV global epidemiological studies to ensure prevention in areas with high HPV prevalence. The study aimed to analyze the global age-related HPV prevalence over the past decade. Methods: Sources for the literature review were obtained from the PUBMED and MEDLINE databases for the past ten years by the keywords “human papillomavirus,” “prevalence,” and “cervical cancer.” The review included randomized trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Results: HPV rates were the highest in Africa (24%), Eastern Europe (21.4%), and Latin America (16.1%). The most common HPV types worldwide were HPV 16 (3.2%), 18 (1.4%), 52 (0.9%), 31 (0.8%), and 58 (0.7%). HPV prevalence in the Republic of Kazakhstan is underexplored since epidemiological studies were conducted only in some regions. HPV high-risk types16 and 18 prevail in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Conclusion: The analysis of the global HPV epidemiology revealed its high prevalence in low- and middle-income countries. HPV’s higher prevalence in young women justifies the need to improve and implement HPV vaccination programs.

Relevance: Treating vaginal recurrence of gynecological cancer remains a complex clinical problem. Surgery is an effective and relatively safe strategy for these cases. Vaginectomy is a method of surgical treatment of gynecological cancer local recurrence. Although vaginectomy is considered an effective treatment for a vaginal recurrence of cervical, ovarian, or endometrial cancers, only a few published reports of vaginal resections have been found. In most cases, vaginal resections were performed by vaginal and/or/or open access. Several reports on laparoscopic vaginal resection for recurrence in gynecological cancer were found. The aim was to study the effectiveness of vaginectomy in recurrent gynecological cancer. Methods: Clinical cases of seven patients after vaginectomy were analyzed. Results: The patients age ranged from 42 to 62 years (median 53 years). The duration of the operation varied from 240 to 480 minutes (median 317 min), the volume of blood loss – from 90 to 220 ml (median 140 ml), and resection margins were negative in all cases. An ureteral catheter was installed in 2 cases. The Foley catheter was removed after 10 days on average (from 1 to 11 days). The patients stayed in the hospital for 7-14 days (median – 7 days). No intraoperative complications were registered. All patients after vaginectomy are alive. Conclusion: Vaginal recurrence is the most common local recurrence in gynecological cancer, and there is no consensus regarding its treatment tactics. Although this article is somewhat limited in the number of patients, our results show the efficacy of vaginectomy in recurrent vaginal gynecological cancer