On 18 January 2016, the French National Reference Centre for Salmonella reported to Santé publique France an excess of Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin (S. Dublin) infections. We investigated to identify the source of infection and implement control measures. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) and multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) were performed to identify microbiological clusters and links among cases, animal and food sources. Clusters were defined as isolates with less than 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms determined by WGS and/or with identical MLVA pattern. We compared different clusters of cases with other cases (case–case study) and controls recruited from a web-based cohort (case–control study) in terms of food consumption. We interviewed 63/83 (76%) cases; 2,914 controls completed a questionnaire. Both studies’ findings indicated that successive S. Dublin outbreaks from different sources had occurred between November 2015 and March 2016. In the case–control study, cases of distinct WGS clusters were more likely to have consumed Morbier (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 14; 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.8–42) or Vacherin Mont d’Or (aOR: 27; 95% CI: 6.8–105), two bovine raw-milk cheeses. Based on these results, the Ministry of Agriculture launched a reinforced control plan for processing plants of raw-milk cheeses in the production region, to prevent future outbreaks.

Background Diagnoses of bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have increased in France since the 2000s. The main strategy to control STI transmission is recommending/facilitating access to condom use, testing, and antibiotic treatments. Aim This study analyses the evolution of STI testing in the private sector in France from 2006 to 2020. Methods National health insurance reimbursement data were used to determine numbers and rates of individuals aged ≥ 15 years tested for diagnoses of chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis in the private sector in France and to describe their evolution from 2006 to 2020. Results Upward tendencies in testing were observed from 2006 to 2019 for all three STIs. The highest testing rates were identified in people aged 25‒29-years old. The observed testing-increase from 2017 to 2019 was twice as high in young people (< 25 years old) as in older people. In 2019, chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis testing rates were respectively 45.4 (+ 21% since 2017), 41.3 (+ 60%), and 47.2 (+ 22%) per 1,000 inhabitants. For all STIs combined, the number of tested individuals decreased by 37% between March and April 2020 during the first COVID-19 epidemic wave and lockdown in France. Conclusion Improvements found in STI testing rates may have resulted from better awareness, especially among young people and health professionals, of the importance of testing, following prevention campaigns. Nevertheless, testing levels remain insufficient considering increasing diagnoses. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had a considerable impact on STI testing. Partner notification and offering diverse testing opportunities including self-sampling are essential to control STI epidemics particularly in exposed populations.

Evaluación de manifestaciones patológicas en edificios en función de la orientación geográficaRESUMENCon el propósito de evaluar la incidencia de manifestaciones patológicas en fachadas de edificios, correlacionadas con la dirección geográfica, se analizaron en este estudio 52 edificios de uso residencial y comercial distribuidos en varias partes de la ciudad de Curitiba – Brasil. Se observó que todos los edificios evaluados tuvieron algún tipo de manifestación patológica, y 25 de éstas en las fachadas. Se encontró que las manifestaciones patológicas en fachadas aparecen en diferentes cantidades y direcciones, habiéndose identificado una relación con la variación de la temperatura y la dirección del viento en función de la orientación geográfica.Palabras Claves: durabilidad; fachada; dirección geográfica; manifestación patológica. Evaluation of pathological manifestations in buildings in terms of geographical orientationABSTRACTIn order to evaluate the incidence of pathological manifestations in buildings facades, correlating with the geographic directions, this study analyzed 52 residential and commercial buildings distributed in various parts of the city of Curitiba - Brazil. It was observed that all the buildings surveyed had some kind of pathological manifestation, and 25 had problems on the facades. It was found that the pathological manifestations in facades appear in different amounts in different directions, having identified a relationship with temperature variation and the direction of the wind, according to geographical direction.Keywords: durability; facade; geographic direction; pathological manifestation. Avaliação de manifestações patológicas em edifícios em função da orientação geográficaRESUMOCom a finalidade de avaliar a incidência de manifestações patológicas em fachadas de edifícios, correlacionando com as direções geográficas, neste trabalho foram analisados 52 edifícios de uso residencial e comercial distribuídos em diversas regiões da cidade de Curitiba – Brasil. Foi observado que todos os edifícios vistoriados apresentaram algum tipo de manifestação patológica, sendo que 25 apresentaram problemas nas fachadas. Verificou-se que as manifestações patológicas nas fachadas aparecem em quantidades diferentes nas diferentes direções, tendo sido identificada uma relação com a variação de temperatura e com a direção dos ventos, conforme a direção geográfica.Palavras claves: durabilidade; fachadas; direção geográfica; manifestações patológicas.