No abstract

We report the observation of spatial optical solitons due to the Kerr nonlinearity in a planar glass waveguide and present measurements of the nonlinear response obtained by placing a pinhole at the output of the waveguide. For input intensities greater than that required for the fundamental soliton, we observe breakup of the output owing to the effect of two-photon absorption.

The success of photonic switching depends on the development of the materials and devices that are capable of processing light signals without converting them to electronic forms. Glasses are promising materials for these all-optical devices because of their fast-responding nonlinearities and low absorption. The aim of this paper is to apprise the ceramic community of the development of nonlinear optics research. The relative merits and trade-offs of glasses as nonlinear photonic material are discussed.[

No abstract

M. Nogami and Y. Moriya, "Glass Formation Through Hydrolysis of Si(OC,H,), 9J. Frenkel, "Viscous Flow of Crystalline Bodies Under the Action of Surface 'ON. M. Parikh, "Effect of Atmosphere on Surface Tension of Glass," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 60 [>6] 236-39 (1977). Glasses," Coming Glass Works, 1949. System B20,-Si02," Glastech. Ber., 39 [6] 283-93 (1966). Optical Waveguide Glasses," J. Mater. Sci., 15 [6] 1371-78 (1980). SiO, Glass in H20 Atmospheres," J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 49 [3] 118-21 (1966). with NH,OH and HC1 Solutions," J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 37 [2] 191-201 (1980). Tension," J. Phys. (USSR), 9 [5] 385-91 (1945). Ceram. Soc., 41 [l] 18-22 (1958).The gel process for making silica was studied by infrared spectrophotometry of solid samples in various stages of dehydration. Spectra were recorded in the high-frequency overtone region (2500 to 8000 cm-') as well as in the region of fundamental absorption (200 to 4000 cm-'), depending on the nature of the sample. Molecular water was distinguished from silanol groups and the effects of hydrogen bonding were observed. Drying and heat treatment of gels at low temperatures (< 150°C) causes a loss of unbonded included water, but significant loss of hydrogen-bonded water occurs only with relatively high-temperature heat treatments ( >8OO0C). Hydration of siloxane groups on pore surfaces and attachment of water molecules by hydrogen bonding to these surface silanol groups is reversible for heat treatments up to 1025OC. At higher temperatures (> 1025"C), active sintering takes place, converting the porous structure into a homogeneous silica network. In this process, surface silanol groups become isolated within the silica network, giving rise to vibrational frequencies characteristic of internal -OH groups. Also, at the higher temperatures silanol groups react to form siloxane groups with loss of HzO. A model is presented for formation of a gel in which hydrogen bonding initiates association of colloidal particles, followed by strengthening through interparticle solid silica precipitation.