The complete bioconversion of the carbohydrate fraction is of great importance for a lignocellulosic-based biorefinery. However, due to the structure of the lignocellulosic materials, and depending basically on the main parameters within the pretreatment steps, numerous byproducts are generated and they act as inhibitors in the fermentation operations. In this sense, the impact of inhibitory compounds derived from lignocellulosic materials is one of the major challenges for a sustainable biomass-to-biofuel and -bioproduct industry. In order to minimise the negative effects of these compounds, numerous methodologies have been tested including physical, chemical, and biological processes. The main physical and chemical treatments have been studied in this work in relation to the lignocellulosic material and the inhibitor in order to point out the best mechanisms for fermenting purposes. In addition, special attention has been made in the case of lignocellulosic hydrolysates obtained by chemical processes with SO2, due to the complex matrix of these materials and the increase in these methodologies in future biorefinery markets. Recommendations of different detoxification methods have been given.

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Considering the need for development and improvement of biomass processing equipment, researchers bring contribution by making suggestions to design also through simulation and modelling of different stresses that occur on equipment’s working tools. In this paper the stress in hammer mill working tools was analysed using FEM simulation with the help of SolidWorks 2016 Premium, projecting the geometric model and FEM simulation for a MC 22 hammer mill. The hammer mill has a four bolts rotor on which are the hammer disposed. The hammer mills rotor frequency is about 2940 rot/min. An important result in FEM simulation was the fact that the maximum reaction in the hammer joint was 11635 N. After FEM simulation experimental research were done using shredded miscanthus and energetic willow, the mill being equipped alternately with 4 types of hammers, with corners processed differently.

Abstract:The paper presents a study on increasing energy independence of a 200 m 2 horticultural hothouse, by means of heating it with thermal energy from a TLUD (top-lit-up-draft) gasification procedure of local residual agricultural biomass, chopped at 10-50 mm and dried at 10%-15% RH (relative humidity). It produces an average of 14% higt quality biochar. Hot-air heating system and forced circulation are equipped with two GAZMER 40/150G energetic modules, which are rechargeable, simple, safe, efficient and environmentally friendly. They can gasify chopped or pelletised biomass. To study the microclimate evolution, it was used a complex numerical model for a 200 m 2 hothouse for growing vegetables. Simulated experiments were carried out for frosty days and, estimated, for the whole warming period. Each year 13.44 t of biomass are consumed, resulting 1.78 t of biochar which, when introduced in soil, produces a -6.2 t/year negative balance of CO 2 .

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