ABSTRACT. A new type of airflow olfactometer is described, and results given of experiments using it to measure behavioural olfactory responses of hymenopterous parasitoids. Compared with Y‐tube olfactometers it shows several advantages. In its exposure chamber four separate abutting odour fields are presented so that the test insect can readily enter and re‐enter them. More than one odour (or different concentrations of one odour) can be tested at the same time, thereby providing complex preference test situations. The various behavioural measures that can be assessed in the apparatus are examined and discussed.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. British Ecological Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Functional Ecology. Summary 1. A general model is presented to analyse size-dependent reproductive output in plants. The model formulation makes it possible to test for both a minimum size for reproduction and a non-linear relationship between size and reproductive output. 2. The model is statistically analysed with the likelihood-ratio test. In contrast to previously proposed models, this model admits a hump-shaped relationship between reproductive effort (RE) and plant size. 3. Data for three species analysed here show that RE is not always monotonically increasing or decreasing with plant size. 4. For a realistic data set the statistically required sample size is calculated.

Ovipositing females of the cynipid waspPseudeucoila bochei discriminate between parasitized and unparasitized hosts, which results in a far more uniform distribution of eggs over the hosts than would be obtained if oviposition were random (Fig. 1,a -f).For the description of the distributions a few models were worked out, which rest on the assumption that the hosts are probed at random. The total number of effective probes made in a larva during the experiment is a random variable with a Poisson distribution and an expectation λ. The chance that at a certain probe an egg will be laid (δ) is dependent on the number of eggs present (j); 1=δ<δ≧δ≧δ.... In model I it was assumed that the female had only the ability to distinguish parasitized from unparasitized hosts. The chance that an egg will be laid in an unparasitized host when it is probed, δ, is considered to be equal to 1, while δ=δ=...=δ <1 (Fig. 2, 1,a -f). When the mean number of eggs present in a host was larger than about 1.1, this model did not describe the distribution of eggs satisfactorily (Fig. 3).It seemed that the ovipositing female is not only able to distinguish parasitized from unparasitized hosts, but also to distinguish thenumber of eggs present in a host. In model II it was assumed that the wasp could distinguish between hosts with 0, 1, and 2 or more eggs: the chance that an egg would be laid in a host containing 2, 3, 4, ... eggs was, hence, the same in this model δ<δ=δ=...=δ (Fig. 2, 1,c,e ,f). This model described the distributions of eggs much better (Figs. 4 and 5), but at mean numbers of eggs per host above 2 it was apparently inadequate.Two other models were then tried, in which the chance δ that an egg would be laid in a host decreased with the number of eggs already present (j). In model III (Fig. 2) the chance decreased according to the function δ =δ/j (δ=1, δ<1). Fig. 1,d ,e,f , gives some examples. In model IV the chance δ =δ (δ=1, δ<1) (see Fig. 1,d ,e,f ).From the comparison of Figs. 6 and 7 it is clear that model IV gives the best description of the distributions of eggs found.The value of these models is discussed, and plans for both an approach through experimental analysis and simulation models are given. In an Appendix the mathematical derivation of the models is presented.

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