Objectives: To study the effect of corona virus on blood hemoglobin and the changes this virus causes on hemoglobin in COVID-19 infected patients. Study Design: Observational study. Settings: Rawal institute of Health Sciences and Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. Period: Feb 2021 to April 2021. Material & Methods: Total 100 adult patients were included all were suffering from corona virus infection. COVID-19 infected patients belonging to both genders with no other cause of anemia were selected and all adult patients in which anemia was due to diseases other than corona infection were excluded. The blood samples of COVID-19 infected patients was taken in 5cc syringe and was send to the laboratory of Rawal Institute Of Health Sciences Islamabad for hemoglobin estimation. Blood heamoglobin (Hb) at the time of admission was recorded. Changes in their blood Hb was noted. Statistical Analysis: Data was be entered into SPSS version 23, normality of data was checked. For non-normally distributed data kruskal wallis and Mann whitney U test was applied and for normally distributed data Anova and post hoc was used. Spearsman correlation was used to correlate non distributed data and Pearson’s correlation was used for normally distributed data. Results: 100 adult patients were divided in two groups. Group I with mild symptoms of corona virus and group II with severe symptoms of corona virus. Patients with mild corona symptoms their blood hemoglobin level was 12.2 g/dl and those with severe corona symptoms their blood hemoglobin level was 10.0 g/dl. Conclusion: It was observed that patients suffering from severe disease of corona COVID-19 had reduced hemoglobin levels than those suffering from milder form of disease, thus confirming that corona virus effects the hemoglobin level and reduces its serum value causing anemia leading to complication of disease.

Objectives: To observe the effect of aging on monocyte count in COVID-19 infected patients. Study Design: Observational study. Setting: Rawal Institute of Health Sciences Islamabad, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad. Period: April 2021 till July 2021. Material & Methods: Adult humans of total 100 in numbers, suffering from corona virus with positive PCR test were selected. They were divided in two groups with 50 patients in group A and 50 patients in group B. Inclusion criteria was COVID-19 infected patients belonging to both genders without any blood disorder. All adults below the age of 18 years with blood disorder diseases were excluded. The age limit in group A was below 50 years and in group B was above 50 years. Monocyte count of all the patients was noted from the record in the laboratory of Rawal institute of health sciences and Pakistan institute of Medical sciences Islamabad. The age of the patients was confirmed from their CNIC. Results: Data was checked for normality by using Shapirowilk test of normality and comparison of monocyte count in between two groups was done by using Mann Whitney U test a significant difference was seen. Monocyte count in group A was 172/ µl and in group B was 122/ µl of blood. The mean age in group A was 32.3 years and in group B was 65.9 years. The p value of 0.00 shows a significant correlation of aging with monocytopenia. Conclusion: Corona virus infected patients with increased age (> 50) years showed more reduction in monocyte count as compared to patients with lower age (< 50) years.

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Objectives: To study the correlation between recovery time and hemoglobin level in COVID-19 infected patients. Study Design: Observational study. Setting: Rawal Institute of Health Sciences Islamabad, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad. Period: February 2021 to June 2021. Material & Methods: Data was analyzed using SPSS version 27.Mann Whitney U test was used to compare the duration of recovery among the groups and spearman's correlation was applied for correlating the duration of recovery with the Hb levels of COVID-19 patients. Result: Group 1 patients recovered within 14 days and group 2 patients recovered after 14 days. COVID-19 infected Patients with low hemoglobin level took more than 14-20 days to recover from disease and those with high hemoglobin recovered within 8-14 days. Conclusion. Recovery from disease was prolonged in corona virus infected patients with less hemoglobin as compared to patients with high levels of hemoglobin levels.