Objectives: To study the effect of corona virus on blood hemoglobin and the changes this virus causes on hemoglobin in COVID-19 infected patients. Study Design: Observational study. Settings: Rawal institute of Health Sciences and Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. Period: Feb 2021 to April 2021. Material & Methods: Total 100 adult patients were included all were suffering from corona virus infection. COVID-19 infected patients belonging to both genders with no other cause of anemia were selected and all adult patients in which anemia was due to diseases other than corona infection were excluded. The blood samples of COVID-19 infected patients was taken in 5cc syringe and was send to the laboratory of Rawal Institute Of Health Sciences Islamabad for hemoglobin estimation. Blood heamoglobin (Hb) at the time of admission was recorded. Changes in their blood Hb was noted. Statistical Analysis: Data was be entered into SPSS version 23, normality of data was checked. For non-normally distributed data kruskal wallis and Mann whitney U test was applied and for normally distributed data Anova and post hoc was used. Spearsman correlation was used to correlate non distributed data and Pearson’s correlation was used for normally distributed data. Results: 100 adult patients were divided in two groups. Group I with mild symptoms of corona virus and group II with severe symptoms of corona virus. Patients with mild corona symptoms their blood hemoglobin level was 12.2 g/dl and those with severe corona symptoms their blood hemoglobin level was 10.0 g/dl. Conclusion: It was observed that patients suffering from severe disease of corona COVID-19 had reduced hemoglobin levels than those suffering from milder form of disease, thus confirming that corona virus effects the hemoglobin level and reduces its serum value causing anemia leading to complication of disease.

Objective: The objective of this research was to study the effect of Berberis lyceum (herbal plant) in reduction of liver enzyme ALT in mice. Study Design: Quasi- experimental Study. Setting: Peshawar Medical College, Peshawar. Period: December, 2016 to May, 2017. Materials & Methods: It was an experimental study which was carried out at Peshawar Medical College Warsak Road Peshawar. Total 30 (thirty) mice were used divided in six different groups with five mice in each group. After inducing hepatotoxicity with acetaminophen in the mice, blood samples were taken and LFTs were performed to observe serum ALT values and the effects of different doses of the plant extract were evaluated. Results: The ALT levels of negative control and experimental group were compared and it was shown that ALT levels in experimental groups were 232±42.3, 143±32.5 and 62.2±18.2 whereas serum ALT value of negative control group was 571.4±123.3 which showed that ALT had been decreased by increasing the dose of plant extract. Conclusion: It was concluded that Berberis Lycium, a herbal plant has a potentially active hepato protective role in bringing serum ALT to normal. This plant can be useful in reversing the hepatotoxicity in drug induced elevation of liver enzyme ALT.

Objective: To observe the effect of reduced lymphocyte count on the recovery of Covid 19 infected patients. Study Design: Observational study. Setting: Rawal Institute of Health Sciences Islamabad, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. Period: March 2021 till June 2021. Material & Methods: Sample Size: One hundred adult humans suffering from COVID-19 infection. Hundred adult patients with positive PCR test for corona virus were selected. Adult patients belonging to both genders with reduced lymphocyte count and no immunological and blood disorder were included and those below the age of 18 years with any disorder related to immune system or blood were excluded. Adult patients were divided in two groups A and B with 50 patients in each group. Lymphocyte count of all the patients was noted from the record in the laboratory of Rawal institute of health sciences and Pakistan institute of Medical sciences Islamabad. Group A were those whose lymphocyte count was close to reference range and group B were those whose lymphocyte count was very low. Follow up of all the patients was done. Reduction and disappearance of symptoms like fever and cough were considered as recovery symptoms. Statistical Analysis: Data was entered using SPSS version 25. Data was checked for normality by using shapirowilk test. The comparison in the days of recovery with the lymphocyte count showed a significant difference of P value of 0.00. Results: Group A patients had mean lymphocyte count 0.87 x 109 / L and Group B had mean lymphocyte count of 0.45 x 109 / L. The average recovery time for corona virus infected patients with marked reduction in lymphocyte count is 19 days and those with mild reduction in lymphocyte count the average recovery time is 12 days. Conclusion: Patients suffering from COVID-19 infection with less lymphocytopenia showed early recovery and disappearance of symptoms as compared to those with more lymphocytopenia.

Objectives: To observe the effect of aging on monocyte count in COVID-19 infected patients. Study Design: Observational study. Setting: Rawal Institute of Health Sciences Islamabad, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad. Period: April 2021 till July 2021. Material & Methods: Adult humans of total 100 in numbers, suffering from corona virus with positive PCR test were selected. They were divided in two groups with 50 patients in group A and 50 patients in group B. Inclusion criteria was COVID-19 infected patients belonging to both genders without any blood disorder. All adults below the age of 18 years with blood disorder diseases were excluded. The age limit in group A was below 50 years and in group B was above 50 years. Monocyte count of all the patients was noted from the record in the laboratory of Rawal institute of health sciences and Pakistan institute of Medical sciences Islamabad. The age of the patients was confirmed from their CNIC. Results: Data was checked for normality by using Shapirowilk test of normality and comparison of monocyte count in between two groups was done by using Mann Whitney U test a significant difference was seen. Monocyte count in group A was 172/ µl and in group B was 122/ µl of blood. The mean age in group A was 32.3 years and in group B was 65.9 years. The p value of 0.00 shows a significant correlation of aging with monocytopenia. Conclusion: Corona virus infected patients with increased age (> 50) years showed more reduction in monocyte count as compared to patients with lower age (< 50) years.

Objectives: To study the correlation between recovery time and hemoglobin level in COVID-19 infected patients. Study Design: Observational study. Setting: Rawal Institute of Health Sciences Islamabad, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad. Period: February 2021 to June 2021. Material & Methods: Data was analyzed using SPSS version 27.Mann Whitney U test was used to compare the duration of recovery among the groups and spearman's correlation was applied for correlating the duration of recovery with the Hb levels of COVID-19 patients. Result: Group 1 patients recovered within 14 days and group 2 patients recovered after 14 days. COVID-19 infected Patients with low hemoglobin level took more than 14-20 days to recover from disease and those with high hemoglobin recovered within 8-14 days. Conclusion. Recovery from disease was prolonged in corona virus infected patients with less hemoglobin as compared to patients with high levels of hemoglobin levels.