The analysis of the immune status with definition of cellular immunity (CD3+, CD4+, CD5+, CD8+, CD16+, CD95+, HLA-DR+) and fagotsitarny activity has been carried out in 356 men at the age of 20-40 years of the different social and professional groups (leading a nomadic, settled life in the tundra; working on a rotational basis in the North Sea (16 and 256 days); office employees of the Solombala pulp and paper mill (PPM) not occupied in harmful production; office workers of the megalopolis Moscow). It has been revealed that the most frequent defect of immune protection was a low level of active phagocytes and deficiency of maintenance of mature T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood among nomadic inhabitants of the Arctic and persons working short watch in the North Sea. It has been proved that under the influence of extreme social and professional or ecologo-climatic factors in men of 20-40 years increase of neutrophiles, sells-activators of B-lymphocytes (HLA-DR+) was registered that testifieed to tension of a humoral component of adaptive immune system. It has been stated that in the conditions of impact on a human body with a complex of various adverse factors of changing environment in all surveyed the same reaction of increase in levels of the cellular cytotoxicity (CD8+, CD16+) associated with deficiency of phagocytic protection developed that reduced spare capacities of regulation with risk of formation of T-lymphocytes functional insufficiency and development of secondary ecologically dependent immune imbalances.

ФГБУН Федеральный исследовательский центр комплексного изучения Арктики имени академика Н. П. Лаверова Уральского отделения Российской академии наук, г. Архангельск Эпидемиологические исследования указывают на неуклонный рост числа черепно-мозговых травм (ЧМТ), особенно в больших городах. Цель настоящего исследования-выявление клеточных иммунных реакций в первые сутки с момента получения ЧМТ у мужчин старше 40 лет. Методы: комплексное иммунологическое обследование мужчин в возрасте 41-60 лет в первые сутки после получения ЧМТ (г. Архангельск) с определением фенотипов лимфоцитов CD3 + , CD4 + , CD5 + , CD71 + , CD8 + , CD16 + , CD25 + , CD95 + , HLA-DR + , CD10 +. Результаты. Повышение количества зрелых Т-лимфоцитов установлено пропорционально тяжести травмы: при лёгкой ЧМТ 11,1 %, при тяжелой-37,5 %. У лиц со средней тяжестью травмы регистрируются низкие значения уровня концентраций клеток-активаторов (CD25 + , CD71 + , HLA-DR +): (0,23 ± 0,03); (0,24 ± 0,01); (0,26 ± 0,02) •10 9 кл/л соответственно на фоне выраженного дефицита всей Т-клеточной популяции. Содержание цитотоксических лимфоцитов CD8 + и активация процессов апоптоза СD95 + возрастает с утяжелением травмы: (0,64 ± 0,04)-(0,76 ± 0,01) •10 9 кл/л; (0,51 ± 0,02)-(0,56 ± 0,01) •10 9 кл/л соответственно. Вывод. Компенсаторным механизмом фонового дефицита Т-клеточной популяции (СD5 +), зрелой ее субпопуляции (СD3 +), дефицита клеток с рецепторами к интерлейкину-2 (CD25 +), трансферрину (CD71 +) и клеток с рецепторами к анитгенам гистосовместимости 2-го класса (HLA-DR +) у 75,0 % обследуемых лиц является 8-кратное увеличение хелперно-супрессорного коэффициента (k > 2) за счет Т-хелперов (0,24 ± 0,02)-(0,03 ± 0,01) •10 9 кл/л, что может служить благоприятным прогнозом исхода травмы. При тяжелой ЧМТ снижение хелперно-супрессорного (СD4 + /СD8 +) коэффициента (k < 2) на фоне выраженного Т-клеточного дефицита (СD5 + , СD3 +) обеспечивается повышенным уровнем содержания цитотоксических лимфоцитов (СD8 +)-(0,76 ± 0,01) •10 9 кл/л. Повышение значений цитотоксической активности в первые сутки после получения травмы свидетельствует о неблагоприятном прогнозе исхода травмы. Ключевые слова: адаптивный иммунный ответ, фенотипы лимфоцитов, черепно-мозговая травма, мужчины старше 40 лет

Ecological and physiological studies conducted in recent years show that one of the most important factors determining the state of health is the environment. Natural and climatic factors of the Arctic zone contribute to a decrease in the reserve capacity of human immune homeostasis, the reduction of which forms secondary environmentally dependent immune imbalances, manifested by chronic pathology and frequent recurrences of diseases in the anamnesis, in particular, erosive gastritis. The study of the adaptive immune response during the period of long-term remission is extremely important, it allows us to predict the recurrence of the disease and carry out timely prevention. The study involved 30 women, aged 50–70 years with a history of chronic gastritis in the stage of long-term remission (3–5 years), residents of the Arctic region of the village. Pinega Arkhangelsk region. The study of the immune status included the determination in the peripheral blood of: the content of lymphocytes with CD3⁺, CD5⁺, CD8⁺, CD16⁺, CD25⁺, CD95⁺ receptors; phagocytic activity, phagocytic number using the application package Statistica 10.0, Microsoft Excel 2010. It was found that elevated concentrations of natural killer cells (CD16⁺) and cytotoxic cells (CD8⁺) occurred in 28,57±1,77% and 60,00±2,56% of cases, respectively, against the background of a pronounced deficiency in the content of T-lymphocytes (CD5⁺) in 96,66±3,26% and (CD3⁺) in 96,29±3,25% of the subjects, which indicates a reduction in the reserve capacity of immune homeostasis. Deficiency of phagocytic activity was registered in 23,33±1,60% of individuals. The revealed increased concentrations of cells with CD25⁺ and CD95⁺ receptors, combined with a high activity of phagocytosis, in our opinion, should be considered a compensatory mechanism of the adaptive immune response with a favorable prognosis for maintaining a long-term remission of the disease.

Currently, the growth in the number of social diseases in the Russian Federation is quite high, especially in disorders due to the use of psychoactive substances (PAS). Numerous studies fail to include the immunological component, focusing instead on the diagnosis of PAS poisoning, clinical picture, treatment, prevention and rehabilitation of addicts. A comprehensive immunological examination of patients with severe PAS poisoning will allow us to predict the course and complications of the disease, as well as to determine an appropriate therapy. The purpose of this article was to assess the state of immune homeostasis in individuals with toxic brain damage. Materials and methods. The study involved 83 men aged 20–40 years with severe PAS poisoning admitted to City Clinical Hospital No. 1 named after E.E. Volosevich (Arkhangelsk, Russia). The immunological examination included determining the content of leukocytes, lymphocytes and their phenotypes CD3+, CD4+, CD5+, CD8+, CD10+, CD16+, CD25+, CD71+, CD95+ and HLA-DR+ as well as the level of S-100β protein in the peripheral blood. Results. Men with toxic encephalopathy aged 20–40 years showed a pronounced deficiency of: CD3+ differentiated lymphocytes in 31.0 %, CD4+ helpers in 48.4 %, CD5+ T-cell population in 86.7 %, CD16+ natural killers in 24.2 %, and cells with CD71+ transferrin receptors in 71.0 % of cases. In addition, we revealed an extremely high activity of CD95+ apoptosis in 100.0 % and cytotoxic activity of CD8+ in 38.1 % of cases. Dangerously high concentrations of S-100β protein (89.0 % of cases), cytotoxic CD8+ cells (38.1 %), CD10+ cells (48.1 %) and CD25+ interleukin-2 activators (68.8 %) against the background of lymphocytosis (24.0 %) and high concentration of HLA-DR+ class II histocompatibility antigens (65.6 %) in the examined men indicate a state of allostasis and an unfavourable prognosis for toxic brain injury.

Purpose: to study relations between cytotoxic activity of adaptive immune response and prolactin in healthy female residents of the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions. Methods. The sample consisted of 145 women aged 20-49 years. Lymphocytes CD3+, CD5+, CD8+, HLA-DR+ were phenotyped using Nicon Eclipse 50i microscope. Serum immunoglobulins E were assessed by ELISA method using on Stat Fax 2100. Prolactin levels were measured using ELISYS Uno (Germany). All data were analyzed using Statistica 6.0 software. Results. Women aged 20-39 and 40-49 years respectively from the Murmansk region had higher counts of leucosytes (7.77 0.69) and (9.50 1.28) 109 C/l, CD8 (0.49 0.07) and (0.66 0.13) 109 C/l; HLA-DR-activation (0.46 0.07) and (0.62 0.13) 109 C/l and prolactin levels (29.30 14.52) and (18.40 3.24) ng/ml, compared to women from the Arkhangelsk region. CD3 levels were 0.47 0.20 and 0.37 0.01 109 C/l while the corresponding numbers for CD5 were 0.50 1.20 and 0.47 0.09 109 C/l. The most widespread defect of immune protection among residents of the Russian North is a low level of active phagocytes and deficiency of T-lymphocytes (CD3, CD5) irrespective of the area of residence and age. Conclusions. The ratio of immunohormonal parameters in women is characterized by the decrease of the activity of adaptive immunity related to its humoral regulation (HLA-DR, IgE) combined with high cellular mediated cytotoxicity (CD8) and the increased concentration of prolactin, which is more typical for women aged 40+ in the Murmansk region. An increase in CD8 counts combined with CD3 and CD5 deficiency is a reserve mechanism of immune protection.