Internal stress in plated deposits has been a common problem that may affect the functionality of coatings. Electrodeposition parameters and insoluble particles modify the characteristics and the level of internal stress of coatings. The influence of the electrocodeposition parameters and their interaction effects on the internal stress during the electrodeposition of Ni and NÍ-M0S2 composite coatings were studied by fractional factorial design. The parameters studied and their ranges were: M0S2 particle concentration (0-10 g L""'), temperature (30-50°C), pH (2-4), current density (1 •2-4-8 A dm~^), and coating thickness (25-50 ^tm). M0S2 addition into Watts bath resulted in the decrease in the tensile internal stress values or even changed the stress character from tensile to compressive. Moreover, low stress values were obtained when pH was 2 and coating thickness was 50 |.tm.

Objective. To discuss a patient with a prenatal diagnosis of unilateral isolated femoral focal deficiency. Case. Antenatal diagnosis of unilateral isolated femoral focal deficiency was made at 20 weeks of gestation. The length of left femur was shorter than the right, and fetal femur length was below the fifth percentile. Proximal femoral focal deficiency was diagnosed. After delivery, the diagnosis was confirmed with skeletal radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging. In prenatal ultrasonographic examination, the early recognition and exclusion of skeletal dysplasias is important; moreover, treatment plans should be initiated, and valuable information should be provided to the family.

Electroplating parameters that can be listed as bath temperature, pH of the bath, current density, surfactant addition or type, coating thickness must be controlled during the deposition process since they determine the properties of the coating. However, it is difficult to manage the effects of this high number of parameters including their interaction effects. At this point, fractional factorial design that is a statistical method steps in that have the advantage of evaluating the influences and the complex variable interactions of parameters with a plausible number of experiments. In the design low and high values must be attributed to the parameters before the experiments and these values are selected according to the solution used. There are suitable plating conditions (written in handbooks) for each bath without particle addition and low-high values can be chosen between these ranges or just below or above them. For instance, the temperature range is 40-60°C, current density range is 2-7 A/dm 2 and pH range is 3.5-4.0 for nickel electroplating [36]. Besides the coating property, the electroplating parameters influence the hydrogen evolution reaction that is a side reaction that takes place at the cathode and may lead to morphological problems on the coated surface. The aim of this chapter is to provide information about how the parameters affect the amount of particles in the deposit. Because the reason of adding the particles to the bath is to improve the matrix properties by the particles emerged. So the more particles present and disperse in the coating, the more they will contribute to the coating property. Another important effect is the internal stress that led to departure of the deposit.

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