This chapter examines leadership styles during digital transformation and digital technologies in organizations. Such transformation and technologies have transfigured leadership and organizations. The various digital tools and applications have modified different aspects related to organisational functions and processes, leadership traits, actions, behaviours, and styles. Hence, cultures are to reform illustrating new values of openness and creativity. The research is based on qualitative methodology. In-depth interview is the method used to collect information from participants to this research. The conclusions of this research uphold the literature review in relation to the impacts of digital transformation and technologies on leadership styles, and on the cultural values.

Ethical consumerism is the outcome of an ethical decision-making process. This research examines situational factors exemplified in context-related issues affecting decision-making as perceived by business students at the University of Bahrain. Reward systems, authority, bureaucracy, work role, organizational culture and national and cultural context are investigated. Qualitative research employing open-ended questions in questionnaire form is used. Two hundred and forty students participated in this research. Five questions were asked in the research. Themes involved are illustrations of reward systems, bureaucracy, organizational culture, national and cultural context and work roles. This research suggests that work roles require to be thoroughly investigated in future research. The research also shows that students are unaware of ethical consumerism. This explains reasons for not translating views of students to behavior as a reflection of ethical consumerism.

Fair trade is directed toward enhancing the satisfaction of stakeholders (i.e., producers, employees, consumers, environmental interest groups, and others). Ethical consumerism employs fair trade to fulfill different objectives related to consumers, environmental, and human resources issues. Fair trade can uphold ethical consumerism as well. This chapter attempts to highlight the interwoven relationship between fair trade and ethical consumerism. The chapter argues that ethical consumerism and fair trade are inseparable. Benefits and beneficiaries of ethical consumerism and fair-trade overlap. Gender issues reflecting women's work and employment are discussed as a reflection of fair trade. Policy recommendations on gender issues are stated at the end of the chapter.

The institutional framework of the multilateral trading system (MTS) assumes that trade policies and agreements are gender neutral. There is very little known on the impact of trade liberalization on women, partly because of lack of gender-disaggregated data in trade statistics and partly because of lack of gender awareness in economic analysis. This chapter discusses the issue of trade liberalization and gender gap in general, then the issue of trade liberalization and women employment specifically, to evaluate the impact of trade liberalization on women with special reference to the Kingdom of Bahrain. Finally, the chapter concludes and discusses the policy recommendations as to whether national-level policy recommendations or international ones are necessary to move towards a gender-balanced trading system.