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The purpose of this article is to review the current available material pertaining to atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, urticaria, and angioedema. This article focuses on each disease process's clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Although atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis are similar, their development is different and can affect a patient's quality of life. Urticaria and angioedema are also similar, but the differentiation of the two processes is crucial in that they have significant morbidity and mortality, each with a different prognosis.

Alzheimer's dementia (AD) is the most common major neurocognitive impairment and the fifth leading cause of death in older adults in the United States. The diagnosis is clinical; however, laboratory tests and imaging frequently rule out secondary causes of dementia. Unfortunately, the treatment available for AD does not reverse dementia, but it may help improve the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. The conventional treatment -acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) therapy and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist -is considered to enhance executive function, overall cognition, and activities of daily living. AChEIs such as donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine are approved for mild-to-moderate dementia. Furthermore, memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, is authorized for moderate-to-severe dementia. Aducanumab, the newest drug available, is an amyloid-beta (Aβ) monoclonal antibody approved only for mild AD. Treatment with either AChEIs or memantine is more cost-effective than aducanumab and the best supportive care. Aducanumab has particular recommendations with strict monitoring and several adverse effects, including amyloid-related imaging abnormalities. The most common adverse effects of AChEIs and memantine include gastrointestinal symptoms, dizziness, confusion, and headaches. Therefore, monitoring should be performed periodically at the clinician's discretion for clinical response and tolerability of medication. Conventional therapies are only for symptom management but are still beneficial to patients and caregivers. Unfortunately, at this time, aducanumab's risks outweigh the benefits with a questionable approval process by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, given the potential disease-modifying capabilities of aducanumab, other disease-modifying options may become available by possibly reducing inflammation, preventing Aβ plaques from clumping, or keeping tau proteins from tangling.

Dementia is growing exponentially worldwide. Unfortunately, the treatment available does not reverse any type of cognitive impairment. As a result, healthcare professionals are focusing on other evidence-based options, such as lifestyle medicine (LM). Current evidence demonstrates improvement in neurocognitive decline by applying the six pillars of LM, which include plant-based nutrition, physical activity, stress management, avoidance of risky substances, restorative sleep, and social connections.Plant-based nutrition has a positive impact on cognition by decreasing the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) with high adherence to the Mediterranean-Dietary Approach to Systolic Hypertension (DASH) Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND). Physical activity also might prevent neurocognitive decline by increasing fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) and Irisin in the hippocampus, which increases energy expenditure and prolongs endurance.Additionally, higher perceived stress in adulthood and the use of risky substances such as alcohol, nicotine, and opioids are significantly associated with developing mild cognitive impairment and all-cause dementia. Furthermore, there is a positive correlation between poor sleep and social isolation with a rapid progression in cognitive decline. Lifestyle changes have a substantial impact on brain health. Therefore, the focus should always be on prevention as the primary treatment tool.

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