Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signed ………………………………Date ……………………………… 3 AbstractEmotions differ between cultures, especially in their eliciting conditions, social acceptability, forms of expression, and co-extent of terminology. This thesis examines the psychological sensation and social expression of envy and jealousy in Classical Athens.Previous scholarship on envy and jealousy (Walcot 1978, Konstan and Rutter 2003) has primarily taken a lexical approach, focusing on usage of the Greek words phthonos (envy, begrudging spite, possessive jealousy) and zêlos (emulative rivalry).This lexical approach has value, especially in dealing with texts and civilizations from the past, but also limitations. These are particularly apparent with envy and jealousy in ancient AcknowledgementsI have incurred debts to many people in the course of researching and writing this PhDand indeed in the years before it. It gives me great pleasure to be able to thank them here.My greatest debt and most profound thanks are owed to my supervisor, Prof. Chris Carey.On many occasions in the last four years, I have reflected on how fortunate I am to be supervised by him. Despite his many commitments he has given unstintingly of his time,

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should like to thank Chris Carey for his extremely detailed comments on earlier drafts of this chapter, and Douglas Cairns, Nick Lowe, and David Konstan, whose comments-at the Erôs conference or on subsequent review of the chapter-have also been greatly appreciated. I should also like to thank the Leverhulme Trust, who funded me during the latter part of my work on this volume. 1 Konstan (2006) 219-43. 2 There has been a lively debate for some decades over the universality or cultural specificity of emotions in general, a debate whose principal strands are summarized by Konstan (2006) 7-27; see also D.L. Cairns (2008). Among non-Classical scholarship, P.E. Griffiths (1997) and Reddy (2001) 3-62 provide useful summaries and critiques. See also the bibliography mentioned in Sanders and Thumiger (this volume) n. 9.

Ancient Greek and Roman emotions have become a field of increasing academic interest over the last few decades. We can particularly refer to such formative scholars in the field as David Konstan, Douglas Cairns, Robert Kaster, and more recently Angelos Chaniotis – though the cast list goes much wider. Early interest in emotions prevalent across classical genres, such as shame, anger, pity, envy/jealousy, and erôs (erotic love, desire), has more recently expanded to include more peripheral emotions such as forgiveness, remorse, and disgust. A number of studies, too, have focused on specific genres. This research has been conducted against a background of much wider interest in emotion studies in fields as diverse as neuroscience, cognitive psychology, anthropology, medicine, philosophy, jurisprudence, history, literary studies, and the performing arts. Many publications by Classicists have demonstrated awareness of this wider body of research, and some of them directly incorporate theoretical findings – particularly from cognitive psychology, but from other disciplines too – into exploration of classical texts and other media.