The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The clinical manifestation of COVID-19 is broad, ranging from an asymptomatic carrier state to severe disease leading to the death penalty. There is also emerging evidence that kidneys are affected early in COVID-19. Proteinuria and haematuria have been reported in 44% and 26.7% on admission, respectively.   This literature review shows clinical manifestations of acute kidney injury (AKI) in a patient with COVID-19 infection. Literature reviews are carried out on various sources found on Google Scholar and Pubmed to search for articles, journal research, case reports, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and textbooks. Various studies demonstrate the possibility of coronavirus infecting the kidney with several mechanisms such as cytokine storm syndrome (CSS), direct viral infection, and imbalance of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS). Haematuria and proteinuria are associated with higher mortality and may signify aggressive disease early. Thus all patients should have a baseline urinalysis. There is a number of different causes of AKI in COVID-19, and some mechanisms by which COVID-19 affects kidneys remain unclear.

Background: Impaired kidney function in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) results in increase sympathetic nerve activation, therefore CKD patients often experience hypertension (Ht). Increased sympathetic nerve tone is mediated by increment of sympathetic neurotransmitter which is Neuropeptide Y (NPY).Objective: this study aims to identify Neuropeptide (NPY) levels effect on blood pressure (BP) in CKD patients with hypertension and compare with healthy population.Methods: This case-control study involved 43 CKD patients with regular hemodialysis, 20 non-dialysis CKD stage 1-5 patients and 25 healthy controls. NPY levels were checked by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It said to be signifi cant if p value < 0.05. Results:This study shows that NPY levels have a signifi cant effect on BP. Patients with Ht grade II had higher NPY levels (885.80 ng/L) than Ht grade I (423.18 ng/L) or controlled Ht (464.06 ng/L) (p=0.024), but it was higher in controlled (937.56 ng/L) than CKD patients (617.14 ng/L) (p=0.06).Conclusions: NPY levels affect BP. It seem displays a bidirectional effect in cardiovascular tissue, acting as a cardio-depressant and a cardio-stressor.; lowers BP in healthy populations but increases BP in CKD patients. Further research is needed to prove bidirectional effect of NPY levels and control other factors that infl uence BP, such as adherence to Ht medication, infl ammation, and ages so that the results of this study can represent a large population.

Covid-19 is usually severe and represents a poor outcome, particularly in patients who have underlying co-morbidities. Among end-stage renal disease patients dependent on dialysis, covid-19 was related to increased morbidity and mortality. There is no causative therapy currently for covid-19. Thus prevention is mainly the best attempt to limit the burden of the disease. The preventive measure may depend on vaccination and public behavior in controlling the spread of the SARS-CoV-2. In the setting of the dialysis center, the patients' and caregivers' compliance with preventive measures is critical in preventing the spreading of Covid-19. The individual's knowledge and attitudes of COVID-19 are likely to influence individual adherence. Evidence suggests that an individual’s knowledge is critical in combating pandemics. Current community service was aimed to increase family caregivers of dialysis patients’ knowledge on covid-19 prevention.

Garlic, a member of the Allium family, widely used as culinary and medicinal herbs since ancient histories, displays aptly described anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Garlic’s therapeutic benefit is showed to be result of its constituent organosulfur compounds. Previous study reported garlic to possess several benefits on cardiovascular health including antihypertensive, anti-atherosclerotic, and antilipidemic activities. This review elaborates the phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, mechanism of actions, and current clinical evidence of garlic in mitigating cardiovascular disease.

Introduction: Indonesian Medical Doctor Internship Program, or internship, is a preregistration professional training program for medical school graduates in Indonesia. The candidates have to wait about six months to participate in the one-year internship program which is becoming mandatory for the application of medical license. By laws, medical practice by internship program candidates during internship waiting period (six months or more) is forbidden. In the context of sharia, some scholars considered these medical practices as haram. The study was first to investigate the medical practice preference during internship waiting period and the related factors.Method: 107 respondents were taken from Moslem doctors that passed national board exam. Religiosity was measured using adapted DUREL (Duke University Religion Index) questionnaire and reported as DUREL Score. University origin religion base (UORB); university origin funding source (UOFS); and pre-internship medical practice (pIMP) were asked using multiple choices questionnaires. All of the questionnaires were asked using google form. Then, Spearman correlation two-tailed test was conducted. The obtained significant variables tested in binomial logistic regression test. Result: DUREL score had a weak negative significant correlation to pIMP (r= -0.197; p<0.1), UORB had a weak positive significant correlation to pIMP (r= 0.295; p<0.1), and UOFS had an insignificant correlation to pIMP (p>0.1). The binomial logistic regression test showed that higher DUREL score led to lower preference in doing pIMP although UORB of Islam led to the opposite (OR=3.6 90%CI 1.85-7.35).Discussion: Religiosity seems to prevent pre-Internship doctors to do pIMP although the UORB predicts otherwise. However, the correlations of the variables are weak. A further study is needed to learn the motive of pIMP and bring the solution to the problem.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 01 January’21 Page: 50-54